Mood and the mundane: Relations between daily life events and self-reported mood.
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Positive affect may contribute especially to social connections.
“prior research suggesting that both positive affect (e.g. Fredrickson, 2013; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005) and negative affect (e.g. Keltner & Kring, 1998) contribute to social connections, and that positive affect may especially so (see Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark, McIntyre, & Hamaker, 1992; Taylor, Pearlstein et al., 2017; Taylor, Pearlstein, & Stein, 2020).”
From Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change (2020) · cites this paper as Clark & Watson, 1988
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Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Self-citationThe need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
“Along the same lines, various studies have found that positive affective experiences increase attraction and solidify social bonds (L. A. Clark & Watson, 1988; Gouaux, 1971; May & Hamilton, 1980; Veitch & Griffitt 1976).”
ResultThe PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994) · doi:10.17077/48vt-m4t2 · Cited by 3,697 · see citing works
“As hypothesized (see Clark & Watson, 1988, 1990b; Watson, 1988a; Watson & Tellegen, 1985), within-subject variations in perceived stress were strongly correlated with fluctuations in Negative Affect, but not in Positive Affect.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,602 · see citing works
“Briefly, only PA is related to diverse measures of social activity, exercise, and reports of pleasant events, whereas NA alone is correlated with health complaints, perceived stress, and unpleasant events (L. A. Clark & Watson, 1988, 1989; Watson, 1988a; Watson & Pennebaker, 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality, Culture, and Subjective Well-Being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life
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The Meaning of Employee Engagement
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Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity.
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Maternal depression and parenting behavior
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“…1983), 4. feeling understood and appreciated (Reis & Shaver, 1988; Swann, 1990), 5. participating in pleasant or otherwise enjoyable activities (Clark & Watson, 1988; Lott & Lott, 1972), 6. avoiding arguments and conflict that create distance and feelings of disengagement with significant…”
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“Watson and A. Tellegen (19X5') proposed a "consensual" structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplcx.”
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“For instance , positive mood has been found to be related to social interaction, but negative mood has been found to be unrelated to social activity (e.g., L. A. Clark & Watson, 1988) and positively related to aggression under certain circumstances (Berkowitz, 1989).”
BackgroundPositive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.
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Self-citationThe Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II.
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“Whereas researchers studying the self-report of mood (Clark & Watson, 1988; Diener & Emmons, 1984; Stone, 1981) have argued against distinguishing among types of positive moods, we (Ekman, 1977; Ekman & Friesen, 1975) have argued for making such distinctions among emotions.”
BackgroundGable, S. L., Reis, H. T., Impett, E. A., & Asher, E. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.228 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
“Clark and Watson (1988) and David, Green, Martin, and Suls (1997). If positive events are uniquely and distinguishably associated with positive emotions, then it becomes important to investigate how people “cope”(1) with positive events, inasmuch as these processes may differ from the processes involved in coping with…”
BackgroundInfluentialPrefrontal Brain Asymmetry: A Biological Substrate of the Behavioral Approach and Inhibition Systems
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“These two mood dimensions are largely independent of one another and have distinctive patterns of relations with other variables (e.g., Bradburn, 1969; Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, 1988a; Watson & Pennebaker, 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFisher, C. D. (2009) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
“For instance, social activities are usually associated with a concurrent increase in positive affect but no change in negative affect (Clark and Watson 1988).”
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Extraversion and Its Positive Emotional Core
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Self-citationDispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations
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“Engaging in physical activities has been associated with increased PA but not NA, both within- and between-persons (Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, 1988).”
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“…(a) typically last longer and are grounded in persisting temperament; (b) are readily changed by social, psychological, and environmental contexts (Clark & Watson, 1988); (c) exhibit cyclical patterns over time; and (d) refer exclusively to subjective feelings rather than other components…”
BackgroundTheory-Based Stress Measurement
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“For example, in several studies, social relations produced stronger effects on positive mood than any other general type of activity (see, e.g., L. A. Clark & Watson, 1988), and insufficient social involvement is a well-documented cause of loneliness (Rook, 1998).”
BackgroundEffects of daily stress on negative mood.
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“In support of this argument, Emmons and Diener (1986) found that the amount of time people spend in social situations is positively correlated with the level of pleasant affect that they report, and Clark and Watson (1988; Watson, 1988) found that certain types of social activity tend to raise state levels of pleasant…”
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“Studies of daily events have also relied on within-person summary measures such as within-person comparisons of mean affect on days when social events occurred with days when they did not (e.g., Clark & Watson, 1988 ) and within-person regression coefficients between mood and events (e.g., Affleck, Tennen, Urrows, & H…”
PROCEDURAL INJUSTICE, VICTIM PRECIPITATION, AND ABUSIVE SUPERVISION
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“…social support— but not hassles, event stress, or avoidant coping—might mediate the relation between SC perfectionism and positive affect (e.g., L. A. Clark & Watson, 1988; David, Green, Martin, & Suls, 1997; Gunthert, Cohen, & Armeli, 1999; Kanner, Coyne, Schaefer, & Lazarus, 1981; Watson,…”
Social Interactions and Well-Being
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“…occurred earlier in the day (or on the preceding day), they report more positive affect on days when they recall participating in social events (Clark & Watson, 1988; Vittengl & Holt, 1998b; Watson, Clark, McIntyre, & Hamaker, 1992), and on days when they recall feeling more connected to…”
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“Although a growing number of studies have examined the relationship between daily events and mood (15-22) or physical symptoms (23-25), few have investigated whether stressful daily experiences have an effect on cortisol excretion.”
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“Clark and Watson (1988) found only a small decrease in negative affect on Sundays.”
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“This is very much in accordance with existing social psychological studies [9], where it is shown that most of social activity is effectively neutral, with the exception of rare arguments.”
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“affect and time spent in social activities (e.g., Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, 1988; Watson,”
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“…participants came to the lab, to test our prediction that the effects of weather would be moderated by the amount of time spent outside.2 As in some of the previous research (Clark & Watson, 1988; Watson, 2000), neither temperature nor baro- metric pressure was directly related to mood valence.”
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“…from any activity, pleasant social interactions, physical activities (e.g., exercise, aromatherapy), and prototypical ''hedonistic'' pursuits such as substance use, sex, and material consumption are more likely to produce this outcome (Clark and Watson 1988; Dubé and Le Bel 2003; Kasser 2002).”
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“The neglect of social stimuli in mood manipulation procedures is also problematic because social-interpersonal activity has repeatedly been found to be a robust predictor of positive affect (Clark and Watson 1988; Watson 1988a; Watson et al. 1992; Watson and Clark 1993).”
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“Literature suggests that mood is strongly correlated with the social interactions [28] and daily activities [29] of an individual.”
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“Of all the daily problems encountered, interpersonal problems are the most detrimental sources of stress (Bolger, DeLongis, Kessler, & Schilling, 1989; Clark & Watson, 1988; Repetti, 1993).”
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Affect and the Functional Bases of Behavior: On the Dimensional Structure of Affective Experience
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“That is, responses to threat have an emergency character that is generally lacking in responses to incentives (Clark & Watson, 1988).”
BackgroundLeader Positive Mood and Group Performance: The Case of Customer Service
George, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01775.x · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Heller, D. A., Judge, T. A., & Watson, D. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.168 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citationFive years later: a cross‐sectional comparison of breast cancer survivors with healthy women
Tomich, P. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.570 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Measurement‐Burst Designs for Social Health Research
Sliwinski, M. J. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00043.x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Accounting for Native/non-Native differences in IQ scores
Beiser, M., & Gotowiec, A. P. (2000) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(200005)37:3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Feedback Sign Effect on Motivation: Is it Moderated by Regulatory Focus?
Van‐Dijk, D., & Kluger, A. N. (2003) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00163.x · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Bornovalova, M. A., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.729 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“NA is related to self-reported stress and poor coping (Clark & Watson, 1988) and frequency of unpleasant events (Stone, 1981).”
BackgroundSocial Norms and Identity Relevance: A Motivational Approach to Normative Behavior
Christensen, P. N., Rothgerber, H., Wood, W., & Matz, D. C. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264480 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clark, L. A., & Watson, D.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1988
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 296-308
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4293872928
- Cited by
- 784
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 15.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- mood, daily life events, self-reported mood, everyday life, mood regulation
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