The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence
Abstract
D. Watson and A. Tellegen (19X5') proposed a "consensual " structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplcx. The authors " review of the literature indicates that this 2-factor model captures robust structural properties of self-rated mood. Nevertheless, the evidence also indicates that the circumplcx does not fit the data closely and needs to be refined. Most notably, the model's dimensions are not entirely independent: moreover, with the exception of Pleasantness—Unpleasantness, they are not completely bipolar. More generally, the data suggest a model that falls somewhere between classic simple structure and a true circumplex. The authors then examine two of the dimensions imbedded in this structure, which they label Negative Activation (NA) and Positive Activation (PA). The authors argue that PA and NA represent the subjective components of broader biobchavioral systems of approach and withdrawal, respectively. The authors conclude by demonstrating how this framework helps to clarify various affect-related phenomena, including circadian rhythms, sleep, and the mood disorders. On the basis of a review and reanalysis of the existing data, Watson and Tellegen (1985) concluded that "a basic twodimensional structure of affect emerges across a number of different lines of research and a very large number of analyses " (p. 234).
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Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
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“Watson and A. Tellegen (19X5') proposed a "consensual" structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplcx.”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Watson, D., Wiese, D., Vaidya, J., & Tellegen, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 820-838
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2147863532
- Cited by
- 2,103
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 94 · 2013: 95 · 2012: 114
- FWCI
- 56.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- circumplex model of affect, circadian rhythm, sleep, mood disorders, evolutionary psychology of emotion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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