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Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states.
Abstract
Three experience-sampling studies explored the distributions of Big-Five-relevant states (behavior) across 2 to 3 weeks of everyday life. Within-person variability was high, such that the typical individual regularly and routinely manifested nearly all levels of all traits in his or her everyday behavior. Second, individual differences in central tendencies of behavioral distributions were almost perfectly stable. Third, amount of behavioral variability (and skew and kurtosis) were revealed as stable individual differences. Finally, amount of within-person variability in extraversion was shown to reflect individual differences in reactivity to extraversion-relevant situational cues. Thus, decontextualized and noncontingent Big-Five content is highly useful for descriptions of individuals' density distributions as wholes. Simultaneously, contextualized and contingent personality units (e.g., conditional traits, goals) are needed for describing the considerable within-person variation.
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“When someone is described as being psychologically flexible, they are more apt to be versatile, using top-down strategies. That is, they show an awareness of what a situation requires and an ability to organize and prioritize strategies that “fit” the situation rather than relying on dominant, default strategies (Fleeson, 2001).”
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“Personality traits can be conceptualized as density distributions of states. That is, individuals' average tendencies to experience specific, discrete states, such as nostalgia, provide highly stable descriptions of their personality (Fleeson, 2001).”
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“research suggests that traits are frequently experienced states”
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“therefore, changes in state anxiety may have gradual effects on changes in trait anxiety.42,43”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fleeson, W.
- Corresponding author
- Fleeson, William
- ORCID
- Fleeson, William
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1011-1027
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4322696896
- Cited by
- 1,436
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 10.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- personality structure, personality processes, personality traits, state
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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