Cited by 1,436Personality Traits and PsychologySocial and Intergroup PsychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states.

Fleeson, William·2001·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Three experience-sampling studies explored the distributions of Big-Five-relevant states (behavior) across 2 to 3 weeks of everyday life. Within-person variability was high, such that the typical individual regularly and routinely manifested nearly all levels of all traits in his or her everyday behavior. Second, individual differences in central tendencies of behavioral distributions were almost perfectly stable. Third, amount of behavioral variability (and skew and kurtosis) were revealed as stable individual differences. Finally, amount of within-person variability in extraversion was shown to reflect individual differences in reactivity to extraversion-relevant situational cues. Thus, decontextualized and noncontingent Big-Five content is highly useful for descriptions of individuals' density distributions as wholes. Simultaneously, contextualized and contingent personality units (e.g., conditional traits, goals) are needed for describing the considerable within-person variation.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011

Cites

74 of 74 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
Goldberg, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 · Cited by 5,530
Self-monitoring of expressive behavior.
Snyder, M. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037039 · Cited by 3,525
A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description.
Block, J. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187 · Cited by 1,682
The Five-factor model of personality: theoretical perspectives
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-1846 · Cited by 1,643
The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people much of the time.
Epstein, S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.7.1097 · Cited by 1,468
Personality at the crossroads : current issues in interactional psychology
Magnusson, D., & Endler, N. S. (1977) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 1,460
What Do We Know When We Know a Person?
McAdams, D. P. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00500.x · Cited by 1,235
Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7 · Cited by 1,172
Functions of Varied Experience
Berlyne, D. E., Fiske, D. W., & Maddi, S. R. (1963) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419183 · Cited by 1,114

Show all 72 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Blake, 1971, Temperament and time of day., 109
Ekman, 1994, The nature of emotion.
Fiske, 1961, The inherent variability of behavior., 326
10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.82 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.164 · DOI
Murray, 1938, Explorations in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age.
10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1296 · DOI
Spielberger, 1977, Theory and measurement of anxiety states., 239
1986, Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,006

scientific contributions of within-person research in management: Making the juice worth the squeeze
McCormick, B. W., Reeves, C. J., Downes, P. E., Li, N., & Ilies, R. (2020) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206318788435 · Cited by 194
How functionalist and process approaches to behavior can explain trait covariation.
Wood, D., Gardner, M. H., & Harms, P. D. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0038423 · Cited by 193
The role of moral identity in the aftermath of dishonesty
Mulder, L. B., & Aquino, K. F. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.03.005 · Cited by 197
Helping People by Being in the Present: Mindfulness Increases Prosocial Behavior
Hafenbrack, A. C., Cameron, L. D., Spreitzer, G. M., Zhang, C., Noval, L. J., & Shaffakat, S. (2020) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.08.005 · Cited by 189
Affect, Behaviour, Cognition and Desire in the Big Five: An Analysis of Item Content and Structure
Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2002 · Cited by 187
“A longstanding goal of personality is to characterise psychological experience in naturally occurring environments, which may be understood as the coherent patterning of how people feel (A), act (B), think (C) and want (D) throughout their daily lives (Allport, 1937; Fleeson, 2001; Pervin, 1994).”
Background
Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Tests of the Personality and Role Identity Structural Model (PRISM)
Wood, D., & Roberts, B. W. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00392.x · Cited by 188
Personality Consistency in Dogs: A Meta-Analysis
Fratkin, J. L., Sinn, D. L., Patall, E. A., & Gosling, S. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054907 · Cited by 179
A Little Uncertainty Goes a Long Way: State and Trait Differences in Uncertainty Interact to Increase Information Seeking but Also Increase Worry
Rosen, N. O., & Knäuper, B. (2009) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410230902804125 · Cited by 177
Conscientiousness and achievement motivation predict performance
Richardson, M. A., & Abraham, C. (2009) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.732 · Cited by 178
The Emerging Science of Virtue
Fowers, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Leonhardt, N. D., & Cokelet, B. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620924473 · Cited by 199
Stability, change, and the stability of change in daily workplace affect
Beal, D. J., & Ghandour, L. (2010) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.713 · Cited by 180
Chameleonic or Consistent? A Multilevel Investigation of Emotional Labor Variability and Self-Monitoring
Scott, B. A., Barnes, C. M., & Wagner, D. T. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.1050 · Cited by 177
A daily investigation of the role of manager empathy on employee well-being
Scott, B. A., Colquitt, J. A., Paddock, E. L., & Judge, T. A. (2010) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.08.001 · Cited by 185
Where Does Personality Have Its Influence? A Supermatrix of Consistency Concepts
Fleeson, W., & Noftle, E. E. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00525.x · Cited by 172
Self-citation
A multilevel framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations and behaviours
Nezlek, J. B. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.640 · Cited by 184
Personality-informed interventions for healthy aging: Conclusions from a National Institute on Aging work group.
Chapman, B. P., Hampson, S., & Clarkin, J. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034135 · Cited by 166
Interpersonal Theory of Personality
Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop205007 · Cited by 163
Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism
Jeronimus, B. F., Ormel, J., Aleman, A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Riese, H. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000159 · Cited by 171
Psychological Comparison Processes and Self–Concept in Relation to Five Distinct Frame–Of–Reference Effects: Pan–Human Cross–Cultural Generalizability over 68 Countries
Marsh, H. W., Parker, P. D., Guo, J., Pekrun, R. H., & Basarkod, G. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2232 · Cited by 165
The Dynamics of Personality States, Goals, and Well-Being
Heller, D. A., Komar, J. A., & Lee, W. B. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207301010 · Cited by 159
Leading day-to-day: A review of the daily causes and consequences of leadership behaviors
Kelemen, T. K., Matthews, S. H., & Breevaart, K. (2020) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101344 · Cited by 155
Cross-Situational Consistency of Affective Experiences Across Cultures.
Oishi, S., Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Biswas‐Diener, R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.3.460 · Cited by 155
Brain structure links trait creativity to openness to experience
Li, W., Li, X., Huang, L., Kong, X., Yang, W., Wei, D., Li, J., Cheng, H., Zhang, Q., Qiu, J., et al. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu041 · Cited by 170
White matter integrity and five-factor personality measures in healthy adults
Xu, J., & Potenza, M. N. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.040 · Cited by 159
The Relative Contribution of Trait and Social Influences to the Links Among Perceived Social Support, Affect, and Self‐Esteem
Lakey, B., & Scoboria, A. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00312.x · Cited by 154
On the meaning and measurement of maximization
Cheek, N. N., & Schwartz, B. N. (2016) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500007257 · Cited by 157
Assessing Personality States: What to Consider when Constructing Personality State Measures
Horstmann, K. T., & Ziegler, M. D. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2266 · Cited by 158
Moral character: What it is and what it does
Cohen, T. R., & Morse, L. (2014) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2014.08.003 · Cited by 197
Growing Followers: Exploring the Effects of Leader Humility on Follower Self‐Expansion, Self‐Efficacy, and Performance
Mao, J., Chiu, C., Owens, B. P., Brown, J. A., & Liao, J. (2018) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12395 · Cited by 164
State Authenticity
Sedikides, C., Slabu, L., Lenton, A. P., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417713296 · Cited by 146
Personality Strength and Situational Influences on Behavior
Dalal, R. S., Meyer, R. D., Bradshaw, R. P., Green, J. P., Kelly, E. D., & Zhu, M. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314557524 · Cited by 154
Neuroticism predicts reactions to cues of social inclusion
Denissen, J. J. A., & Penke, L. (2008) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.682 · Cited by 160
Teaching This Class Drives Me Nuts! - Examining the Person and Context Specificity of Teacher Emotions
Frenzel, A. C., Becker-Kurz, B., Pekrun, R. H., & Goetz, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129630 · Cited by 160
The effect of state extraversion on four types of affect
McNiel, J. M., Lowman, J., & Fleeson, W. (2009) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.738 · Cited by 145
Self-citation
Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths
Niemiec, R. M. (2019) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2019.1617674 · Cited by 174
To talk or not to talk: A review of situational antecedents of willingness to communicate in the second language classroom
Zhang, J., Beckmann, N., & Beckmann, J. F. (2018) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2018.01.003 · Cited by 144
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) as living fossils of hominoid personality and subjective well-being.
Weiß, A., Adams, M. J., Widdig, A., & Gerald, M. S. (2011) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021187 · Cited by 138
The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822 · Cited by 148
On Traits, Situations, and Their Integration: A Developmental Perspective
Roberts, B. W., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_5 · Cited by 134
Wise Reasoning in the Face of Everyday Life Challenges
Grossmann, I., Gerlach, T. M., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616652206 · Cited by 132
Voxel-based morphometry studies of personality: Issue of statistical model specification—effect of nuisance covariates
Hu, X., Erb, M., Ackermann, H., Martin, J. A., Grodd, W., & Reiterer, S. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.024 · Cited by 134
Personality and Friendship Satisfaction in Daily Life: Do Everyday Social Interactions Account for Individual Differences in Friendship Satisfaction?
Wilson, R. E., Harris, K., & Vazire, S. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1996 · Cited by 146
Prediction and cross-situational consistency of daily behavior across cultures: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Reyes, J. A. S., Salanga, M. G. C., Miramontes, L. A., & Adams, N. B. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.007 · Cited by 127
Cross-cultural, developmental psychology: integrating approaches and key insights
Amir, D., & McAuliffe, K. (2020) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.06.006 · Cited by 130
Social media browsing and adolescent well-being: challenging the “passive social media use hypothesis”
Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., Pouwels, J. L., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmab015 · Cited by 123
Can Opposites Attract? Personality Heterogeneity in Supervisor-Subordinate Dyads as a Predictor of Subordinate Outcomes.
Glomb, T. M., & Welsh, E. T. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.749 · Cited by 121
A Quantum Approach to Time and Organizational Change
Lord, R. G., Dinh, J. E., & Hoffman, E. L. (2014) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2013.0273 · Cited by 121
A Five–Factor Theory Perspective on Causal Analysis
McCrae, R. R., & Sutin, A. R. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2134 · Cited by 139
The state of research on leader humor
Kong, D. T., Cooper, C. D., & Sosik, J. J. (2019) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386619846948 · Cited by 135
Self-Concept Consistency and Culture: The Differential Impact of Two Forms of Consistency
English, T., & Chen, S. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211400621 · Cited by 122
Implications of dispositional and process views of traits for individual difference research in leadership
Dinh, J. E., & Lord, R. G. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.03.003 · Cited by 137
Emotion in Organizations: Theory and Research
Elfenbein, H. A. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032720-035940 · Cited by 156
In favor of the synthetic resolution to the person–situation debate
Fleeson, W., & Noftle, E. E. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.02.008 · Cited by 124
Self-citation
Within-individual variability in self-concepts and personality states: Applying density distribution and situation-behavior approaches across cultures
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Ching, C. M., Zhang, H., Shen, J., Mazuera‐Arias, R., Rincon, B. C., Morio, H., Tanaka‐Matsumi, J., Takaoka, S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.09.002 · Cited by 124
Resisting Everything except Temptation: Evidence and an Explanation for Domain–specific Impulsivity
Tsukayama, E., Duckworth, A. L., & Kim, B. Y. S. (2011) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.841 · Cited by 114
The language of well-being: Tracking fluctuations in emotion experience through everyday speech.
Sun, J., Schwartz, H. A., Son, Y., Kern, M. L., & Vazire, S. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000244 · Cited by 129
Narcissistic Force Meets Systemic Resistance: The Energy Clash Model
Sedikides, C., & Campbell, W. K. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617692105 · Cited by 143
The distinction between symptoms and traits in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)
DeYoung, C. G., Chmielewski, M. S., Clark, L. A., Condon, D. M., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Lynam, D. R., Markon, K. E., Miller, J. D., Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N., et al. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12593 · Cited by 119
Directionality of Person–Situation Transactions
Rauthmann, J. F., Jones, A. B., & Sherman, R. A. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216647360 · Cited by 117
Character: The Prospects for a Personality‐Based Perspective on Morality
Fleeson, W., Furr, R. M., Jayawickreme, E., Meindl, P., & Helzer, E. G. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12094 · Cited by 119
Self-citation
Virtuous states and virtuous traits: How the empirical evidence regarding the existence of broad traits saves virtue ethics from the situationist critique
Jayawickreme, E., Meindl, P., Helzer, E. G., Furr, R. M., & Fleeson, W. (2014) · Theory and Research in Education · doi:10.1177/1477878514545206 · Cited by 113
Self-citation
Doing despite Disliking: Self–Regulatory Strategies in Everyday Aversive Activities
Hennecke, M., Czikmantori, T., & Brandstätter, V. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2182 · Cited by 115
The Nature and Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety: State of the Science and Opportunities for Accelerating Discovery
Grogans, S. E., Bliss‐Moreau, E., Buss, K. A., Clark, L. A., Fox, A. S., Keltner, D. J., Cowen, A., Kim, J. J., Kragel, P. A., MacLeod, C., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105237 · Cited by 135
BEYOND PERSONALITY TRAITS: A STUDY OF PERSONALITY STATES AND SITUATIONAL CONTINGENCIES IN CUSTOMER SERVICE JOBS
Huang, J. L. W., & Ryan, A. M. (2011) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01216.x · Cited by 109
The interpersonal signature
Fournier, M. A., Moskowitz, D. S., & Zuroff, D. C. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.01.023 · Cited by 109
Properties of persons and situations related to overall and distinctive personality-behavior congruence
Sherman, R. A., Nave, C. S., & Funder, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.006 · Cited by 113
Self-concept consistency and short-term stability in eight cultures
Church, A. T., Alvarez, J. M., Katigbak, M. S., Mastor, K. A., Cabrera, H. F., Tanaka‐Matsumi, J., Vargas‐Flores, J. D. J., Ibáñez‐Reyes, J., Zhang, H.-S., Shen, J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2012.06.003 · Cited by 107
Is a happy leader a good leader? A meta-analytic investigation of leader trait affect and leadership
Joseph, D. L., Dhanani, L. Y., Shen, W., McHugh, B. C., & McCord, M. A. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.04.001 · Cited by 122
Commitment to a purpose in life: An antidote to the suffering by individuals with social anxiety disorder.
Kashdan, T. B., & McKnight, P. E. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033278 · Cited by 116
“Nevertheless , a growing body of research has indicated that constructs that have traditionally been studied as stable dispositions also vary meaningfully within individuals (Fleeson, 2001; Nezlek, 2007).”
Background
Trait and Daily Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder
Blalock, D. V., Kashdan, T. B., & Farmer, A. S. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9739-8 · Cited by 105
Niche diversity can explain cross-cultural differences in personality structure
Smaldino, P. E., Lukaszewski, A. W., Rueden, C. R. V., & Gurven, M. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0730-3 · Cited by 117
Personality and Coping: Individual Differences in Responses to Emotion
Segerstrom, S. C., & Smith, G. T. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102917 · Cited by 105
Timing of Stressful Life Events Affects Stability and Change of Neuroticism
Riese, H., Snieder, H., Jeronimus, B. F., Korhonen, T., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J. A., & Ormel, J. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1929 · Cited by 110
Linking personality states, current social roles and major life goals
Bleidorn, W. (2009) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.731 · Cited by 117
Agreement and similarity in self-other perceptions of moral character
Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T., Turan, N., Morse, L., & Kim, Y. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.009 · Cited by 108
Understanding Virtue
Wright, J. C., Warren, M. T., & Snow, N. E. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190655136.001.0001 · Cited by 109
The ARSQ 2.0 reveals age and personality effects on mind-wandering experiences
Diaz, B. A., van der Sluis, S., Benjamins, J. S., Stoffers, D., Hardstone, R., Mansvelder, H. D., Someren, E. J. W. V., & Linkenkaer‐Hansen, K. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00271 · Cited by 110
The dynamics, processes, mechanisms, and functioning of personality: An overview of the field
Kuper, N., Modersitzki, N., Phan, L. V., & Rauthmann, J. F. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12486 · Cited by 119
The Wax and Wane of Narcissism: Grandiose Narcissism as a Process or State
Giacomin, M., & Jordan, C. H. (2016) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12148 · Cited by 103
Personality and density distributions of behavior, emotions, and situations
Jones, A. B., Brown, N. A., Serfass, D. G., & Sherman, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.10.006 · Cited by 111
The Big Five, everyday contexts and activities, and affective experience
Wilt, J. A., & Revelle, W. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.032 · Cited by 100
Who gets ostracized? A personality perspective on risk and protective factors of ostracism.
Rudert, S. C., Keller, M., Hales, A. H., Walker, M., & Greifeneder, R. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000271 · Cited by 103
Disagreeableness as a Cause and Consequence of Ostracism
Hales, A. H., Kassner, M. P., Williams, K. D., & Graziano, W. G. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216643933 · Cited by 105
How is extraversion related to social media use? A literature review
Bowden-Green, T., Hinds, J. M., & Joinson, A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110040 · Cited by 115
The Five-Factor Model and the NEO Inventories
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366877.013.0016 · Cited by 108
Does the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety measure trait and state variance?
Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2004) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.525 · Cited by 105
A framework for understanding leadership and individual requisite complexity
Lord, R. G., Hannah, S. T., & Jennings, P. L. (2011) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386610384757 · Cited by 109
Lost in Translation: The Construct Representation of Character Virtues
Ng, V., & Tay, L. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619886014 · Cited by 99
Within-Person Job Performance Variability Over Short Timeframes: Theory, Empirical Research, and Practice
Dalal, R. S., Alaybek, B., & Lievens, F. (2019) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-045350 · Cited by 108
Capturing interactions, correlations, fits, and transactions: A Person-Environment Relations Model
Rauthmann, J. F. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00018-2 · Cited by 112
What Have We Learned That Is Critical in Understanding Leadership Perceptions and Leader-Performance Relations?
Lord, R. G., & Dinh, J. E. (2014) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12127 · Cited by 108
Situation-Based Contingencies Underlying Wisdom-Content Manifestations: Examining Intellectual Humility in Daily Life
Zachry, C. E., Phan, L. V., Blackie, L. E. R., & Jayawickreme, E. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby016 · Cited by 94
Personality change via work: A job demand–control model of Big-five personality changes
Wu, C. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.12.001 · Cited by 108
Situation Change: Stability and Change of Situation Variables between and within Persons
Rauthmann, J. F., & Sherman, R. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01938 · Cited by 105
Unveiling an exclusive link: Predicting behavior with personality, situation perception, and affect in a preregistered experience sampling study.
Horstmann, K. T., Rauthmann, J. F., Sherman, R. A., & Ziegler, M. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000357 · Cited by 89
The manifestation of traits in everyday behavior and affect: A five-culture study
Ching, C. M., Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Reyes, J. A. S., Tanaka‐Matsumi, J., Takaoka, S., Zhang, H., Shen, J., Mazuera‐Arias, R., Rincon, B. C., et al. (2013) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.10.002 · Cited by 101
On delineating and integrating the study of variability and stability in personality psychology: Interpersonal trust as illustration
Fleeson, W., & Leicht, C. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.004 · Cited by 95
Self-citation
Mixture Modeling Methods for the Assessment of Normal and Abnormal Personality, Part I: Cross-Sectional Models
Hallquist, M. N., & Wright, A. G. C. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.845201 · Cited by 100
The Dynamic Role of Personality States in Mediating the Relationship Between Extraversion and Positive Affect
Wilt, J. A., Noftle, E. E., Fleeson, W., & Spain, J. S. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00756.x · Cited by 105
Self-citation
Connecting Meeting Behavior with Extraversion—A Systematic Study
Lepri, B., Subramanian, R., Kalimeri, K., Staiano, J., Pianesi, F., & Sebe, N. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/t-affc.2012.17 · Cited by 94

Authors: Fleeson, W.
Corresponding author: Fleeson, William
ORCID: Fleeson, William
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 80
Issue: 6
Pages: 1011-1027
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011
OpenAlex: W4322696896
Cited by: 1,436
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 10.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: personality structure, personality processes, personality traits, state

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks