Just because you're imaging the brain doesn't mean you can stop using your head: A primer and set of first principles.
Abstract
Developments within the neurosciences, cognitive sciences, and social sciences have contributed to the emergence of social neuroscience. Among the most obvious contemporary developments are brain-imaging procedures such as functional magnetic resonance imaging. The authors outline a set of first principles designed to help make sense of brain-imaging research within the fields of cognitive and social neuroscience. They begin with a principle few would debate--that social cognition, emotion, and behavior involve the brain--but whose implications might not be entirely obvious to those new to the field. The authors conclude that (a). complex aspects of the mind and behavior will benefit from yet a broader collaboration of neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, and social scientists, and (b). social psychologists bring important theoretical, methodological, and statistical expertise to this interdisciplinary enterprise.
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The brain is a substrate that affords cognitive plasticity and is influenced by an individual's behaviors.
“It is helpful to think of the brain as a substrate that affords cognitive plasticity, and as such is influenced by the behaviors of an individual (Cacioppo et al., 2003; Lerner, 1984).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Cacioppo et al., 2003
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MethodFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): An Invaluable Tool in Translational Neuroscience
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“Although some argue that attempts to localize psychological function via functional neuroimaging are misguided (Miller, 2010), a more widely accepted caveat about fMRI is that correlations of brain activity patterns with behavior does not prove causality (Cacioppo et al., 2003; Beck, 2010).”
BackgroundIn Defense of Brain Mapping in Social and Affective Neuroscience
Cunningham, W. A. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.717 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…as good as the original inference that established the agreed upon psychological process that the brain region is supposed to be involved in.1 As Cacioppo et al. (2003) noted, there is rarely a 1:1 mapping between a particular psychological state (Ψ) and an accompanying physiological state (Φ).”
BackgroundTransformational Leadership and Neurofeedback: The Medical Perspective of Neuroleadership
Edison, R. E., Juhro, S. M., Aulia, A. F., & Widiasih, P. A. (2019) · International Journal of Organizational Leadership · doi:10.33844/ijol.2019.60317 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Various literature showed that transformational leadership behaviors had to do with the brain’s neurological activities (Cacioppo et al., 2003).”
BackgroundDavis, S. W., Beynel, L., Neacsiu, A. D., Luber, B. M., Bernhardt, E. R., Lisanby, S. H., & Strauman, T. J. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100382 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Environmental influences on neural systems of relational complexity
Kalbfleisch, M. L., deBettencourt, M. T., Kopperman, R., Banasiak, M., Roberts, J., & Halavi, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00631 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Exploring Neuroscience: A Guide for Getting Started
Twardosz, S. (2007) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409280701280516 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Information about methodology can be acquired from texts (see the Appendix in Kolb & Whishaw, 2006 , for a discussion of the use of animals in research) and articles that discuss the difficulties in interpreting the results of brain imaging studies (eg, Cacioppo et al, 2003 ).”
BackgroundDisorders of vocal emotional expression and comprehension: The aprosodias.
Ross, E. (2021) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00005-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuro-assessment of leadership training
Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., & Neves, C. F. H. (2019) · Coaching An International Journal of Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/17521882.2019.1619796 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Role of Neuroscience Information in Choosing a Personality Test: Not as seductive as expected
Diekmann, J., König, C. J., & Alles, J. (2015) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12099 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…localization hypotheses, a deep understanding of the technique is necessary to understand the results, but usually this is not transported through public media, which tends to simplify and sometimes even misinterpret results (Beck, 2010; Cacioppo et al., 2003; Farah, 2005; McCabe & Castel, 2008).”
Brain Imaging and Political Behavior
Friend, J. M., & Thayer, B. A. (2011) · Research in biopolitics · doi:10.1108/s2042-9940(2011)0000009012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
What was the question? fMRI and inference in psychophysiology.
Lorig, T. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.01.004 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMindfulness: The Bottled Water of the Therapy Industry
Moloney, P. (2016) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44019-4_18 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Terbeck, S., Chesterman, P., Fischmeister, F., Leodolter, U., & Bauer, H. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.05.011 · Cited by 8
“This experimental paradigm, therefore, successfully evoked isolated differences in the locus of causality dimension by suppression of potential confounds, which is essential for an unambiguous interpretation of imaging data in cognitive neuroscience research (Cacioppo et al., 2003; Kok et al., 2006).”
From the Mind to the Feet: Assessing the Perception-to Intent-to-Action Dynamic
Kuznar, L., Astorino-Courtois, A., & Canna, S. (2011) · doi:10.21236/ada543679 · Cited by 7
Neuroimaging Modalities and Brain Technologies in the Context of Organizational Neuroscience
Balthazard, P. A., & Thatcher, R. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1479-357120150000007003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
REFLECTIONS ON SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE
Ito, T. (2010) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2010.28.6.686 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…these considerations in mind when interpreting the meaning of overlapping brain activation associated with different psychological phenomena [see Cacioppo et al. (2003) and Cacioppo & Tassinary (1990) for discussions of several relevant inferential issues], it is not unreasonable to use the…”
BackgroundVincent, D. J., & Hurd, M. W. (2005) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/foc.2005.19.4.5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
When Institutions Induce Trust: Insights from EEG and Timed-Response ExperimentsPreprint
Boudreau, C., Seana Coulson, A., & McCubbins, M. D. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1301770 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Lorig, T. S., Norris, C. J., Rickett, E., & Nusbaum, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Washington and Lee University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 650-661
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2166218265
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research
- Keywords
- social neuroscience, neuroimaging, functional MRI, social cognition, emotions, behavior, interdisciplinary collaboration, social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, first principles
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Brain, Cognition, Hemodynamics, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Behavior
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