Implicit and explicit evaluation: fMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes
Abstract
Previous work suggests that explicit and implicit evaluations (good-bad) involve somewhat different neural circuits that process different dimensions such as valence, emotional intensity, and complexity. To better understand these differences, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain regions that respond differentially to such dimensions depending on whether or not an explicit evaluation is required. Participants made either good-bad judgments (evaluative) or abstract-concrete judgments (not explicitly evaluative) about socially relevant concepts (e. g., ''murder,'' ''happiness,'' ''abortion,'' ''welfare''). After scanning, participants rated the concepts for goodness, badness, emotional intensity, and how much they tried to control their evaluation of the concept. Amygdala activation correlated with emotional intensity and right insula activation correlated with valence in both tasks, indicating that these aspects of stimuli were processed by these areas regardless of intention. In contrast, for the explicitly evaluative good-bad task only, activity in the anterior cingulate, frontal pole, and lateral areas of the orbital frontal cortex correlated with ratings of control, which in turn were correlated with a measure of ambivalence. These results highlight that evaluations are the consequence of complex circuits that vary depending on task demands.
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The Black-White IAT has good psychometric properties and is linked to basic neural and affective processes relevant to implicit race bias.
“The IAT is a dual-categorization task that has good psychometric properties (Cunningham, Preacher, & Banaji, 2001; Hofmann et al., 2005) and is linked to basic neural and affective processes relevant to implicit race bias (Cunningham, Raye, & Johnson, 2004; Phelps et al., 2000).”
From Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention (2012) · cites this paper as Cunningham, Raye, & Johnson, 2004
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- Authors
- Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., & Johnson, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2004-12-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1717-1729
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2158557735
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH62196, P50MH062196)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Keywords
- implicit evaluation, explicit evaluation, attitudes, valence, emotional intensity, ambivalence, amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, frontal pole, orbitofrontal cortex, social concepts
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Attitude, Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Judgment, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reference Values, Social Perception, Temporal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex
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