Cited by 1,018Personality Traits and PsychologyPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.

Crocker, Jennifer, Luhtanen, Riia K., Cooper, M. Lynne, Bouvrette, Alexandra·2003·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale assesses 7 sources of self-esteem in college students: academics, appearance, approval from others, competition, family support, God's love, and virtue. In confirmatory factor analyses on data from 1,418 college students, a 7-factor model fit to the data acceptably well and significantly better than several plausible alternative models. The subscales all have high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, are distinct from other personality measures, and have a simplex structure arrayed on a continuum from external to internal sources of self-esteem. Contingencies of self-worth assessed prior to college predicted how students spent their time during their 1st year of college.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Untitled work
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
Mind, Self, and Society
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419

Show all 106 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Allport, 1955, Becoming.
Benson, 1991, Strutting and fretting: Standards for self-esteem.
Bowlby, 1982, Attachment, Vol. 1
Gallup, 1992, The religious life of young Americans.
Gunman, 1954, A new approach to factor analysis: The radex., 258
James, 1910, The self., 41
Luhtanen, 2002, Fragile self-esteem and alcohol use in college students. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Pyszczynski, 2003, Freedom in the balance: On the defense, growth, and expansion of the self., 314

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 999

What are you Looking at?: Prisoner Confrontations and the Search for Respect
Butler, M. (2008) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azn053 · Cited by 55
When God is your only friend: Religious beliefs compensate for purpose in life in the socially disconnected
Chan, T., Michalak, N. M., & Ybarra, O. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12401 · Cited by 56
Assessment of Character Strengths in Children and Adolescents
Rashid, T., Anjum, A., Lennox, C., Quinlan, D. M., Niemiec, R. M., Mayerson, D., & Kazemi, F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6398-2_6 · Cited by 61
Contingent self-esteem and vulnerability to depression: academic contingent self-esteem predicts depressive symptoms in students
Schöne, C., Tandler, S. S., & Stiensmeier-Pelster, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01573 · Cited by 57
The protective role of self-compassion for women’s positive body image: an open replication and extension
Siegel, J. A., Huellemann, K. L., Hillier, C. C., & Campbell, L. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.12.003 · Cited by 70
Plugged in but not connected: Individuals’ views of and responses to online and in-person ostracism
Filipkowski, K. B., & Smyth, J. M. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.02.007 · Cited by 55
Perfectionism and Contingent Self-Worth in Relation to Disordered Eating and Anxiety
Bardone‐Cone, A. M., Lin, S. L., & Butler, R. M. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.05.006 · Cited by 62
Contingencies of self-worth: Progress and prospects
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., & Sommers, S. R. (2004) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280440000017 · Cited by 58
Self-citation
Mountains Out of Molehills? Tests of the Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem in Predicting Workplace Complaining1
Heck, A. K., Bedeian, A. G., & Day, D. V. (2005) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02102.x · Cited by 52
Globalization and the Identity Remix Among U rban Adolescents in I ndia
Rao, M. A., Berry, R., Gonsalves, A., Hastak, Y., Shah, M., & Roeser, R. W. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12002 · Cited by 52
A metacognitive model of self-esteem
Kolubinski, D. C., Marino, C., Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.050 · Cited by 62
The Human Penguin Project: Climate, Social Integration, and Core Body Temperature
IJzerman, H., Lindenberg, S. M., Dalḡar, İ., Weißgerber, S. C., Vergara, R. C., Cairo, A. H., Čolić, M. V., Dursun, P., Frankowska, N., Hadi, R., et al. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.165 · Cited by 53
Was Aristotle right about moral decision-making? Building a new empirical model of practical wisdom
McLoughlin, S., Thoma, S. J., & Kristjansson, K. R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317842 · Cited by 65
Attachment dimensions and contingencies of self-worth: The moderating role of culture
Cheng, S., & Kwan, K. W. K. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.003 · Cited by 51
Perfectionism in gifted students: Moderating effects of goal orientation and contingent self-worth.
Wang, K. T., Fu, C.-C., & Rice, K. G. (2012) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/a0029215 · Cited by 51
The Cultural Construction of Self and Well-Being
Plaut, V. C., Markus, H. R., Treadway, J. R., & Fu, A. S. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212458125 · Cited by 51
Moral identity, moral self-efficacy, and moral elevation: A sequential mediation model predicting moral intentions and behaviour
Rullo, M., Lalot, F., & Heering, M. S. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1871942 · Cited by 57
Self‐Concept Structure and the Quality of Self‐Knowledge
Showers, C. J., Ditzfeld, C. P., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12130 · Cited by 65
Embedding Employees Early On: The Importance of Workplace Respect
Ng, T. W. H. (2015) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12117 · Cited by 52
The relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and contingencies of self-worth
Hill, A. P., Hall, H., & Appleton, P. R. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.036 · Cited by 50
The Masculinity Contingency Scale (MCS): Scale development and psychometric properties.
Burkley, M., Wong, Y. J., & Bell, A. C. (2015) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0039211 · Cited by 49
It’s All About the Money (For Some): Consequences of Financially Contingent Self-Worth
Park, L. E., Ward, D. E., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216689080 · Cited by 50
Empathy and authenticity online: The roles of moral identity, moral disengagement, and parenting style
Morgan, B. E., & Fowers, B. J. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12661 · Cited by 55
How do gamification mechanics drive solvers’ Knowledge contribution? A study of collaborative knowledge crowdsourcing
Feng, Y., Yi, Z., Yang, C., Chen, R., & Feng, Y. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121520 · Cited by 51
The Past and the Pending: The Antecedents and Consequences of Group-Based Anger in Historically and Currently Disadvantaged Groups
Pennekamp, S., Doosje, B., Zebel, S., & Fischer, A. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207071339 · Cited by 52
Gender Comparisons of Fat Talk in the United Kingdom and the United States
Payne, L. O., Martz, D. M., Tompkins, K. B., Petroff, A. B., & Farrow, C. V. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9881-4 · Cited by 49
Perfectionism profiles among college students: A person-centered approach to motivation, behavior, and emotion
Lin, S., & Muenks, K. M. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102110 · Cited by 58
From shared leadership to proactive customer service performance: a multilevel investigation
Ji, L., Ye, Y., & Deng, X. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-09-2021-1077 · Cited by 50
Materialism Predicts Young Chinese Women’s Self-Objectification and Body Surveillance
Teng, F., You, J., Poon, K., Ye, Y., You, J., & Jiang, Y. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0671-5 · Cited by 47
Self-Narrative Profiles of Elite Athletes and Comparisons on Psychological Well-Being
Houltberg, B. J., Wang, K. T., Qi, W., & Nelson, C. S. (2018) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2018.1481919 · Cited by 51
Narcissism and the Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model: Effects of Social Comparison Threats on Relationship Closeness
Nicholls, E., & Stukas, A. A. (2011) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540903510852 · Cited by 47
Responses to Self‐Threat: Linking Self and Relational Constructs with Approach and Avoidance Motivation
Park, L. E. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00247.x · Cited by 50
Contingencies of Self‐worth in Early Adolescence: The Antecedent Role of Perceived Parenting
Wouters, S., Doumen, S., Germeijs, V., Colpin, H., & Verschueren, K. (2012) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12010 · Cited by 46
Development and Validation of Two Measures of Contingent Self-Esteem
Johnson, M., & Blom, V. (2007) · Individual Differences Research · doi:10.65030/idr.05024 · Cited by 45
Academic contingencies of self-worth impair positively- and negatively-stereotyped students’ performance in performance-goal settings
Lawrence, J. S., & Crocker, J. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.05.002 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
When apologies fail: The moderating effect of implicit and explicit self-esteem on apology and forgiveness
Eaton, J., Struthers, C., Shomrony, A., & Santelli, A. G. (2007) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860601118819 · Cited by 50
Is an Emphasis on Dignity, Honor and Face more an Attribute of Individuals or of Cultural Groups?
Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M. J., Koç, Y., Lun, V. M., Papastylianou, D., Grigoryan, L. K., Torres, C. V., Efremova, M., Hassan, B., Abbas, A., et al. (2020) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/1069397120979571 · Cited by 52
Examining the role of passion in university students’ academic emotions, self-regulated learning and well-being
Sverdlik, A., Rahimi, S., & Vallerand, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Adult and Continuing Education · doi:10.1177/14779714211037359 · Cited by 70
Loved As-Is: How God Salience Lowers Interest in Self-Improvement Products
Grewal, L. S., Wu, E. C., & Cutright, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucab055 · Cited by 46
Global Self-Esteem in Technical/Vocational Versus General Secondary School Tracks: A Matter of Gender?
Houtte, M. V. (2005) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7739-y · Cited by 44
The Orthogonality of Praise and Condemnation in Moral Judgment
Wiltermuth, S. S., Monin, B., & Chow, R. M. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610363162 · Cited by 43
Stability and Change in Domain–Specific Self–Esteem and Global Self–Esteem
Rentzsch, K., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2167 · Cited by 54
Body weight contingency of self-worth
Clabaugh, A., Karpinski, A., & Griffin, K. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860701665032 · Cited by 42
Stigma Apprehension Among Adolescents Discharged From Brief Psychiatric Hospitalization
Moses, T. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31822fc7be · Cited by 42
The associations between two facets of narcissism and eating disorder symptoms
Gordon, K. H., & Dombeck, J. (2010) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.08.004 · Cited by 48
Contingent Self-Esteem and Race: Implications for the Black Self-Esteem Advantage
Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2007) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798406295096 · Cited by 42
“You’re Just Saying That.” Contingencies of self-worth, suspicion, and authenticity in the interpersonal affirmation process
Lemay, E. P., & Clark, M. S. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.05.001 · Cited by 42
The effects of consumption on self-esteem
Consiglio, I., & van Osselaer, S. M. J. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101341 · Cited by 54
The role of contingent self-esteem and trust in consumer satisfaction: Examining perceived control and fairness as predictors
Namasivayam, K., & Guchait, P. (2012) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.08.002 · Cited by 44
Happiness is a warm abstract thought: Self-construal abstractness and subjective well-being
Updegraff, J. A., & Suh, E. M. (2007) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760601069150 · Cited by 41
Unconditional Positive Self-Regard, Intrinsic Aspirations, and Authenticity: Pathways to Psychological Well-Being
Murphy, D., Joseph, S., Demetriou, E., & Karimi-Mofrad, P. (2017) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167816688314 · Cited by 46
Unconditional Self Acceptance and Self Esteem in Relation to Frustration Intolerance Beliefs and Psychological Distress
Jibeen, T. (2016) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-016-0251-1 · Cited by 40
Network analysis of Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale in 680 university students
Briganti, G., Fried, E. I., & Linkowski, P. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.080 · Cited by 41
Exploring why leaders do what they do: An integrative review of the situation-trait approach and situation-encoding schemas
Gottfredson, R. K., & Reina, C. S. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101373 · Cited by 51
In Defense of the Body: The Effect of Mortality Salience on Female Body Objectification
Grabe, S., Routledge, C. D., Cook, A., Andersen, C., & Arndt, J. (2005) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00165.x · Cited by 41
Religious Struggle and Life Satisfaction Among Adult Christians: Self-esteem as a Mediator
Szczęśniak, M., & Timoszyk-Tomczak, C. (2020) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01082-9 · Cited by 47
A Religious Worldview
Goplen, J. L., & Plant, E. A. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215599761 · Cited by 38
Religious shoppers spend less money
Kurt, D., Inman, J. J., & Francesca Gino, B. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.019 · Cited by 38
“Will I find a job when I graduate?”: Employment anxiety, self-compassion, and life satisfaction among South Korean college students
Shin, J. Y. (2018) · International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance · doi:10.1007/s10775-018-9378-1 · Cited by 41
Loving myself through thick and thin: Appearance contingent self-worth, gendered racial microaggressions and African American women’s body appreciation
Dunn, C. E., Hood, K. B., & Owens, B. D. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.003 · Cited by 53
Valence focus and self-esteem lability: Reacting to hedonic cues in the social environment.
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Barrett, L. F. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0015691 · Cited by 38
Self-esteem and body image in females: The mediating role of self-compassion and appearance contingent self-worth.
Stapleton, P., Crighton, G. J., Carter, B., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2017) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1037/hum0000059 · Cited by 37
The dark side of perceived positive regard: When parents’ well-intended motivation strategies increase students’ test anxiety
Otterpohl, N., Lazar, R., & Stiensmeier‐Pelster, J. (2018) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.11.002 · Cited by 42
The antecedents and consequences of being envied by coworkers: An investigation from the victim perspective
Ye, Y., Lyu, Y., Kwan, H. K., Chen, X., & Cheng, X. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102751 · Cited by 37
Compartmentalization: A Window on the Defensive Self
Thomas, J. S., Ditzfeld, C. P., & Showers, C. J. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12061 · Cited by 36
Media Comparisons and Threats to Body Image: Seeking Evidence of Self-Affirmation
Bergstrom, R. L., Neighbors, C., & Malheim, J. E. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.2.264 · Cited by 36
Self-objectification and compliment type: Effects on negative mood
Fea, C. J., & Brannon, L. A. (2006) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.01.005 · Cited by 36
Adaptive Disengagement Buffers Self-Esteem From Negative Social Feedback
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Deegan, M. P., & Jones, J. M. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214549319 · Cited by 36
Self-Esteem
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Jordan, C., & Cameron, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0124 · Cited by 39
Intervening on Social Comparisons on Social Media: Electronic Daily Diary Pilot Study
Andrade, F. C., Erwin, S., Burnell, K., Jackson, J. E., Storch, M., Nicholas, J. K., & Zucker, N. L. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/42024 · Cited by 45
The Effect of “In Favor of Myself”: Preventive Program to Enhance Positive Self and Body Image among Adolescents
Golan, M., Hagay, N., & Tamir, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078223 · Cited by 36
A social cognitive approach to traditional media content and social media use: Selfie-related behavior as competitive strategy
Stefanone, M. A., Yue, Z., & Toh, Z. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444818795488 · Cited by 35
Passion, Self-Esteem, and the Role of Comparative Performance Evaluation
Stenseng, F., & Dalskau, L. H. (2010) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.32.6.881 · Cited by 35
The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and self‐construals
Phillips, B., Moulding, R., Kyrios, M., Nedeljkovic, M., & Mancuso, S. G. (2011) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9552.2011.00004.x · Cited by 34
Beyond Tit-for-Tat: Theorizing Divergent Employee Reactions to Customer Mistreatment
Amarnani, R. K., Bordia, P., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2018) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601118755239 · Cited by 36
The Devil You Know: Self-Esteem and Switching Responses to Poor Service
Consiglio, I., & van Osselaer, S. V. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucz001 · Cited by 28
Focusing on one’s own appearance leads to body shame in women but not men: The mediating role of body surveillance and appearance-contingent self-worth
Moya-Garófano, A., & Moya, M. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.008 · Cited by 34
“Me”, “We”, and Materialism: Associations between Contingent Self-Worth and Materialistic Values across Cultures
Zhang, Y., Hawk, S. T., Opree, S. J., de Vries, D. A., & Branje, S. (2020) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2020.1759496 · Cited by 34
The Relationships among Self-Worth Contingency on Others’ Approval, Appearance Comparisons on Facebook, and Adolescent Girls’ Body Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study
Prieler, M., Choi, J., & Lee, H. E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18030901 · Cited by 51
Morally based self-esteem, drinking motives, and alcohol use among college students.
Lewis, M. A., Phillippi, J., & Neighbors, C. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.3.398 · Cited by 37
Weighing the Evidence: Social Desirability, Eating Disorder Symptomatology, and Accuracy of Self-reported Body Weight Among Men and Women
Ambwani, S., & Chmielewski, J. F. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0244-1 · Cited by 33
Believing in one’s equal rights: Self-respect as a predictor of assertiveness
Renger, D. (2017) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2017.1313307 · Cited by 33
Maintaining the self? Exploring the connections between students' perfectionistic profiles, self-worth contingency, and achievement goal orientations
Ståhlberg, J., Tuominen, H., Pulkka, A., & Niemivirta, M. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.005 · Cited by 33
The moderating role of extrinsic contingency focus on reactions to threat
Williams, T. J., Schimel, J., Hayes, J., & Martens, A. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.624 · Cited by 35
Body image and restrained eating in blind and sighted women: A preliminary study.
Ashikali, E.-M., & Dittmar, H. (2010) · Body image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.01.002 · Cited by 31
The Importance of Importance in the Physical Self: Support for the Theoretically Appealing but Empirically Elusive Model of James
Lindwall, M., Aşçı, F. H., Palmeira, A. L., Fox, K. R., & Hagger, M. S. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00678.x · Cited by 34
Parental conditional regard and the development of perfectionism in adolescent athletes: The mediating role of competence contingent self-worth.
Curran, T. (2018) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000126 · Cited by 34
Behind the Mask
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Jordan, C. H. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch9 · Cited by 37
Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Substance Use in College Students: The Mediating Role of Self-Worth Contingencies
Kim, J., & Williams, S. R. (2009) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770802616399 · Cited by 31
The Psychodynamic Mask Model of Narcissism: Where Is It Now?
Kuchynka, S. L., & Bosson, J. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_9 · Cited by 32
The relationship of social approval contingency to trait self-esteem: Cause, consequence, or moderator?
Lemay, E. P., & Ashmore, R. D. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.012 · Cited by 34
Opposing Standards Within the Cultural Worldview: Terror Management and American Women's Desire for Uniqueness Versus Inclusiveness
Walsh, P., & Smith, J. L. (2007) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00335.x · Cited by 33
Autoestima en la adolescencia: análisis y estrategias de intervención
Rodriguez-Naranjo, C., & Caño, A. (2012) · Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (University of Málaga) · Cited by 31
Relational Violence, Social Support, Self-Esteem, Depression and Anxiety: A Moderated Mediation Model
Duru, E., Balkıs, M., & Turkdogan, T. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01509-2 · Cited by 32
Waiting for a baby: Navigating uncertainty in recollections of trying to conceive
Sweeny, K. M., Andrews, S. E., Nelson, S. K., & Robbins, M. L. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.031 · Cited by 31
Understanding the Different Realities, Experience, and Use of Self-Esteem Between Black and White Adolescent Girls
Adams, P. E. (2010) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798410361454 · Cited by 31
Contingencies of self-worth in Japanese culture: Validation of the Japanese Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale
Uchida, Y. (2008) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.79.250 · Cited by 31
A cross-sectional study to explore the mediating effect of intrinsic aspiration on the association between unconditional positive self-regard and posttraumatic growth
Murphy, D., Demetriou, E., & Joseph, S. (2015) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2015.1051238 · Cited by 31
The Effect of Negative Workplace Gossip about Supervisor on Workplace Deviance and Impression Management: The Mediating Roles of Anxiety and Guilt
Gao, Q., Zhang, K., Cao, Y., Li, J., Bian, R., & Wang, X.-H. F. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-023-09888-6 · Cited by 33
Maternal achievement-oriented psychological control: Implications for adolescent academic contingent self-esteem and mathematics anxiety
Ching, B. H., Wu, H. X., & Chen, T. T. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025420981638 · Cited by 30

Authors: Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
University of Missouri (US)
ORCID: Crocker, Jennifer
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 85
Issue: 5
Pages: 894-908
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894
OpenAlex: W1993403980
Cited by: 1,018
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 17.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, university students, academic performance, appearance, social approval, competition, family support, faith, virtue, scale development, factor structure, time use
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychological Theory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Values, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks