Cited by 1,018Personality Traits and PsychologyPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.

Crocker, Jennifer, Luhtanen, Riia K., Cooper, M. Lynne, Bouvrette, Alexandra·2003·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale assesses 7 sources of self-esteem in college students: academics, appearance, approval from others, competition, family support, God's love, and virtue. In confirmatory factor analyses on data from 1,418 college students, a 7-factor model fit to the data acceptably well and significantly better than several plausible alternative models. The subscales all have high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, are distinct from other personality measures, and have a simplex structure arrayed on a continuum from external to internal sources of self-esteem. Contingencies of self-worth assessed prior to college predicted how students spent their time during their 1st year of college.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Untitled work
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
Mind, Self, and Society
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419

Show all 106 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Allport, 1955, Becoming.
Benson, 1991, Strutting and fretting: Standards for self-esteem.
Bowlby, 1982, Attachment, Vol. 1
Gallup, 1992, The religious life of young Americans.
Gunman, 1954, A new approach to factor analysis: The radex., 258
James, 1910, The self., 41
Luhtanen, 2002, Fragile self-esteem and alcohol use in college students. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Pyszczynski, 2003, Freedom in the balance: On the defense, growth, and expansion of the self., 314

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 999

Relationship between Racial Microaggression and Psychological Wellbeing of African American College Students.
Helm, C. A. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 7
My child and I: self- and child-reference effects among parents with self-worth contingent on children’s performance
Zhang, M., Ng, F. F., Hong, Y., Wei, J., Liu, R., & Chan, S. (2023) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2023.2254029 · Cited by 6
The Relationship Between School Belonging, Peer Bullying, Teacher Support, and Academic Performance: A Multigroup Analysis by Gender
SÖYLEMEZ, N. H., & Söylemez, Ö. F. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70063 · Cited by 13
Affective and cognitive responses to repeated performance feedback across adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism
Lo, A., & Abbott, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719880702 · Cited by 7
Need for approval from others and face concerns as predictors of interpersonal conflict outcome in 29 cultural groups
Lun, V. M., Smith, P. B., Grigoryan, L. K., Torres, C. V., Papastylianou, A., Lopukhova, O. G., Sunar, D. G., Easterbrook, M. J., Koç, Y., Selim, H. A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12895 · Cited by 6
The consumer–activity relationship and separation distress
Hawkins, M. A., & Thyroff, A. (2023) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-11-2021-0866 · Cited by 6
Measuring self-objectification in cisgender heterosexual women and men: A psychometric validation of the self-objectification beliefs and behaviors scale
Hu, Z., Wood, C., & Buckland, N. J. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101844 · Cited by 8
Selbstwert und Selbstvertrauen
Jünemann, A.-K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48014-4_17 · Cited by 6
Disentangling the contributions of agentic, antagonistic, and neurotic narcissism to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity
Hater, L., Schulte, J., Geukes, K., Buhlmann, U., & Back, M. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253187 · Cited by 7
Validation of the Polish version of the Motivational Postures (Toward Taxes) Questionnaire
Kołodziej, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252937 · Cited by 6
Does Meaning-in-Life or Self-Compassion Influence LGBTQ+ Identity or Outness?
Goshorn, J. R., Mason, W. N., & Sperandio, K. R. (2022) · Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling · doi:10.1080/26924951.2022.2093309 · Cited by 6
Externally Contingent and Unstable Self‐Worth as Predictors of Depression in College Women: A 3‐Month Study
Lopez, F. G., Thorne, B., Schoenecker, S. M., Siffert, K. J., Chaliman, R. T., & Castleberry, E. (2014) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2014.00051.x · Cited by 6
Contingent Self‐worth in Chinese Adolescents and Young Adults: Relations with Global Self‐Esteem and Depressive Symptoms
Chen-Bouck, L., & Patterson, M. M. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12173 · Cited by 6
Self-Compassion, Wellbeing, and Happiness Mitgefühl mit sich selbst, Wohlbefinden und Glücklichsein
Neff, K. D., & Costigan, A. (2014) · Cited by 6
Pedagogy and the Human Sciences
Sharicz, C., & Jianrong, Y. (2014) · Cited by 6
Conveniently dependent or naively overconfident? An experimental study on the reaction to external help
Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., & Palma, M. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216617 · Cited by 6
Self-esteem enhancement as a strategy for promoting the mental health and averting the occupational problems of nurses
He, L. T., Yu-feng, M., Ke-sen, Z., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Frontiers of Nursing · doi:10.2478/fon-2019-0012 · Cited by 6
The Culturally Situated Self
Rosenmann, A., & Kurman, J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190679743.003.0017 · Cited by 6
Linking Mother and Offspring Depressive Symptoms: The mediating role of child appearance contingent self-worth
Li, M., & Mustillo, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.117 · Cited by 6
Self‐verification behavior as an employment interview tactic
Charbonneau, B. D., Reed, M., & Powell, D. M. (2021) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12349 · Cited by 8
Body Composition and Its Perception among Professional Female Volleyball Players and Fitness Athletes (Silesia, Poland)
Białek-Dratwa, A., Staśkiewicz‐Bartecka, W., Grajek, M. K., Filip-Stachnik, A., Rozmiarek, M., Krupa-Kotara, K. H., & Kowalski, O. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911891 · Cited by 11
Maladaptive Schemas and Depression Severity: Support for Incremental Validity When Controlling for Cognitive Correlates of Depression
Colman, L. K. (2010) · Cited by 6
Coping with Stress in Undergraduate University Students: Development and Validation of the Coping Inventory for Academic Striving (CIAS) to Examine Key Educational Outcomes in Correlational and Experimental Studies
Thompson, A. (2015) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-4763 · Cited by 6
The relation between body image satisfaction and self-esteem to academic behaviour in pre-adolescent and adolescent girls and boys
Gupta, C. (2013) · Mspace (University of Manitoba) · Cited by 6
Conceptualization and Development of the Appearance Perfectionism Scale: Preliminary Evidence for Validity and Utility in a College Student Population
Srivastava, K. (2009) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 6
The impact of underdog expectations on hospitality employees’ service performance
Sun, Z., & Yu, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2024-1820 · Cited by 5
What is an athlete's psychological well-being? Constructing concepts with Olympic and Paralympic athletes
Trainor, L. R., Bundon, A., Wadey, R., Faulkner, G., & Crocker, P. R. E. (2025) · Qualitative Research in Sport Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2025.2465423 · Cited by 6
Your fitness-sharing is a reminder for my poor body: how fitness posts exposure on social media harms female body esteem
Yan, X., Yan, J., Tan, C., Fu, Y., & Wang, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1515575 · Cited by 7
Stressful Life Events Experienced by Academically High-Achieving Females Before the Onset of Disordered Eating
Krafchek, J., & Kronborg, L. (2018) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2018.1501783 · Cited by 7
“Mom always liked you best!”: Concern for parental regard in sibling comparisons
Midgley, C., Lockwood, P., Balasubramaniam, L., Daniel, A., & Hu, L. Y. (2022) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2022.2091016 · Cited by 7
To Be Compassionate and Feel Worthy: The Bidirectional Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Self-Esteem
Fraser, M. I., Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B. K., & Hunt, C. J. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_3 · Cited by 5
Moderation of Success and Failure Feedback by Validation Seeking on Affect Change: Implications for Theories of Cognitive Adaptation and Self‐Worth Regulation
Horváth, P., & Wambolt, P. (2009) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9861.2010.00046.x · Cited by 5
Three types of self-esteem: Its characteristic differences of contingency and contentment of sources of self-esteem
Ito, M., Kawasaki, N., & Kodama, M. (2011) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.81.560 · Cited by 5
Mind over Body? The Combined Effect of Objective Body Weight, Perceived Body Weight, and Gender on Illness-Related Absenteeism
Lam, C. K., Huang, X., & Chiu, W. C. K. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9779-1 · Cited by 5
Development of the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale for Japanese Young Adolescents
Ohtani, K., & Nakaya, M. (2010) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.18.233 · Cited by 5
Narcissism and Anger: Self-Esteem and Contingencies of Self-Worth as Mediating Self-Structures
Garcia, G. M., Watson, P. J., Cunningham, C. J. L., Oâ€™Leary, B. J., & Chen, Z. (2015) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v9i1.163 · Cited by 5
Does a “Triple Package” of traits predict success?
Hart, J., & Chabris, C. F. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.041 · Cited by 5
Academic Contingency of Self-worth and Intrinsic Motivation in Academic Failure: Undermining and Enhancing Processes for Intrinsic Motivation and the Mediating Role of State Self-esteem and Emotions
Ohtani, K., & Nakaya, M. (2011) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.19.206 · Cited by 5
Compassion is partially selfless: Public self-concept accessibility following compassion and threat
DeLury, S. S., Buffone, A. E. K., Ministero, L. M., & Poulin, M. J. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1554541 · Cited by 5
The function of vertical and horizontal space to social group identity
Lamer, S. A., Suitner, C., Maass, A., Caccioppoli, R., & Pradell, H. (2020) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2020.1785929 · Cited by 6
Stress-responses to ostracism: Examining cortisol and affective reactivity to in-person and online exclusion
Filipkowski, K. B., Jones, D. R., Bernstein, M. J., & Smyth, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211001411 · Cited by 5
Academic Stress Level Determination among College Students in Times of Covid-19 Pandemic
Licayan, R. J., Funa, M. C. C., Lagatiera, G. P., & Cabeza, R. K. (2021) · International Journal of Asian Education · doi:10.46966/ijae.v2i3.119 · Cited by 12
The Elusive Quantification of Self-Esteem: Current Challenges and Future Directions
Dominicis, S. D., & Molinario, E. (2022) · Health informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_11 · Cited by 6
Investigating Engineering Persistence through Expectancy Value Theory and Machine Learning Techniques
Bego, C. R., Thomas, P. B., Wang, X., & Dourado, A. D. P. (2024) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--41559 · Cited by 6
Naïve beliefs about self-esteem's importance
Vaughan‐Johnston, T. I., & Jacobson, J. A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110635 · Cited by 6
Interpersonal and Individual Factors in the Grandiose Fantasies and Threats to Self-esteem of A Non-clinical Sample
Veronese, G., Ruggiero, G. M., Sassaroli, S., & Castiglioni, M. (2011) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101104010001 · Cited by 5
Charitable giving: How ego-threats impact donations of time and money
Duclos, R., Bettman, J., Bloom, P., & Zauberman, G. S. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e722292011-010 · Cited by 4
Brands: The opiate of the non-religious masses?
Shachar, R., Erdem, T., Cutright, K. M., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e620972012-129 · Cited by 5
Network analysis of Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale in 680 university studentsPreprint
Briganti, G., Fried, E. I., & Linkowski, P. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hxp7u · Cited by 5
How photo editing in social media shapes self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem via self-objectification and physical appearance comparisonsPreprint
Ozimek, P., Lainas, S., Bierhoff, H., & Rohmann, E. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2349867/v1 · Cited by 5
Academic contingent self-worth and self-handicapping: an experimental test of failure mindset as a moderator
Ching, B. H., Li, X., & Tan, Y. (2024) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09990-4 · Cited by 5
Empowering Sustainability: Examining the Psychological Benefits of Sustainable Consumption for Self‐Esteem Enhancement
Yeo, H., & Hwang, H. (2025) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.3538 · Cited by 4
The need for social recognition: the impact of teachers’ professional honor on their intention to move to urban schools in rural China
Chen, Y., Abbas, A., & Sandoval-Hernández, A. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-025-10076-y · Cited by 6
The effects of gender, age and region on rural teachers’ professional honor: an empirical analysis of survey data from seven provinces in China
Chen, Y., Zhang, W., & Sandoval-Hernández, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1473007 · Cited by 5
Relationship between Psychological Richness and Subjective Well-Being in College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and Meaning in Life
李, 雨. (2023) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2023.137336 · Cited by 4
Longitudinal Associations Between Competition Contingent Self-Worth and Materialistic Values Among Chinese College Students: A Latent Growth Model
Yi, C., Wei, J., Liu, Y., & Zheng, M. (2024) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968241255978 · Cited by 4
Premarital Sexual Permissiveness among Nigerian Undergraduates: The influence of Religiosity and Self-Esteem
Ojedokun, O. (2009) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2009.10820283 · Cited by 4
Áreas en las que Basamos Nuestra Autoestima y su Influencia sobre el Bienestar Emocional: Validación de la escala de contingencias de la autoestima para su uso en castellano
García‐Soriano, G., Belloch, A., & Castañeiras, C. E. (2010) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 4
Strategic Management of Other-Provided Information Online: Personality and Network Variables
Rui, J. R., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2013.500 · Cited by 4
The Influence of Self-Esteem on Subjective Well-Being: From the Perspective of Contingencies of Self-Worth
Sasagawa, K. (2015) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.24.112 · Cited by 4
The Relationship Between Engagement in Physics, Achievement Goals, Subjective Values and Self-Worth Contingencies
Putarek, V., Rovan, D., & Vlahović-Štetić, V. (2016) · Drustvena istrazivanja · doi:10.5559/di.25.1.06 · Cited by 4
The Connections between Pathological Personality Traits and Interpersonal Behavior
McCabe, G. A., Vrabel, J. K., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2017) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.26.1.7 · Cited by 4
The validity and reliability of contingencies of self-worth scale
Çeti̇n, B., Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N., & Eroğlu, Y. (2011) · Journal of Human Sciences · Cited by 4
Naïve beliefs shape emotional reactions to evaluative feedback
Vaughan‐Johnston, T. I., & Jacobson, J. A. (2020) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1822296 · Cited by 4
Contingencies of self-worth and the strength of deontological and utilitarian inclinations
Macko, A. (2020) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1860882 · Cited by 4
The best little kid in the world: Internalized sexual stigma and extrinsic contingencies of self‐worth, work values, and life aspirations among men and women
Blankenship, B. T., & Stewart, A. J. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2800 · Cited by 4
Performance, Discrimination, and Work–Life Interface: Perspectives in Workplace Health and Well-being
Mukherjee, T. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8263-6_13 · Cited by 6
Over-Identifying with Social Roles: Selfing Scale Development and Validation
Oyler, D. L., Pratscher, S. D., Leng, P., Medvedev, O. N., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01931-6 · Cited by 4
Daily Stress, Drinking Motives and Alcohol Co-Use with Other Drugs
Armeli, S., Feinn, R., Litt, M. D., & Tennen, H. A. (2024) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2024.2320374 · Cited by 4
To be (or not to be) elevated? Group membership, moral models, and prosocial behavior
Telesca, G., Rullo, M., & Pagliaro, S. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2322446 · Cited by 5
Body Esteem and Appearance-Based Self-Worth: A Test of Religious Moderators in Men and Women
Inman, M. L., & Witvliet, C. V. (2017) · Hope College Digital Commons (Hope College) · Cited by 4
De kwetsbaarheid van de narcistische zelfwaardering bij kinderen
Güldner, M. G., Stegge, H., Smits, M. S. I., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2010) · Kind en adolescent · doi:10.1007/bf03089695 · Cited by 4
Metric invariance of the French version of the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale1,2,3
Kempenaers, C., de Boeck, P. A. L., Dehon, C., Braun, S., & Linkowski, P. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychology · doi:10.2466/08.cp.3.22 · Cited by 4
A Study of the Measure of Instability of Self-esteem
Ichimura, M. (2012) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.20.204 · Cited by 4
Contingencies of self-worth: Implications for motivation and achievement
Crocker, J., & Niiya, Y. (2008) · Advances in motivation and achievement · doi:10.1016/s0749-7423(08)15002-6 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Can Affectively Negative Experiences Contribute to Well-Being? The Affectively Negative Need-Fulfillment Model
Juhl, J., Routledge, C. D., Hicks, J. A., & Sedikides, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58763-9_21 · Cited by 7
Relationships between The self-worth and Beliefs in a just world with life satisfaction of elderly People
Yamini, M., & Sadidi, M. (2019) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.29252/joge.3.2.40 · Cited by 4
Acquiring Knowledge and Learning from Failure : Theory, Measurement, and Validation of Two Learning Goals
Niiya, Y., & Crocker, J. (2015) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.15002/00010893 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Attractiveness and self-esteem: A test of sociometer theory
Bale, C. (2010) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 4
Measurement and Segmentation of College Students' Noncognitive Attributes: A Targeted ReviewPreprint
Person, A. E., Baumgartner, S. E., Hallgren, K., & Santos, B. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
The relationship between self-esteem and gender, grade level and academic achievement, in secondary schools' classes in Lebanon
Rafei, S. E. (2009) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) · Cited by 4
The Grammar of Persuasion: A Meta-Analytic Review Disconfirming the Role of Nouns as Linguistic Cues of Subsequent Behavior
Witkowska, M. , Dołżycka, J., Suitner, C., & Formanowicz, M. (2024) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x241234845 · Cited by 3
What Instagram Means to Me: Links Between Social Anxiety, Instagram Contingent Self-worth, and Automated Textual Analysis of Linguistic Authenticity
Brandao, B. M., & Denny, B. T. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00267-9 · Cited by 5
What Does Not Kill You Makes You Search: The Effects of Failure Threat and Self-Evaluation on Entrepreneurs’ Ego Networks
Chen, X., & Batjargal, B. (2025) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587251315665 · Cited by 3
Parental rearing styles and adolescent self-esteem: the mediating roles of body image
Huang, S., & Wan, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02887-7 · Cited by 7
Association between self-worth and health promotion behaviors among older adults living in the community: a cross-sectional study
Zarghami, F., Sadegi, R., Sarbakhsh, P., Pakmehr, S., & Pakpour, V. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23934-3 · Cited by 3
When winning costs your peace: How does vertical individualism Hijack relaxation capacity? Network analysis and mediation models
Cheng, W., Cheng, L. J., Qian, Z., & Wang, H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335851 · Cited by 3
Effects of contingencies of self‐worth and sensitivity to indebtedness on optimistic bias in seeking help for depression
Umegaki, Y. (2015) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12094 · Cited by 3
Academic-contingent self-worth and the social monitoring system
vanDellen, M. R., Hoy, M. B., Fernandez, K. C., & Hoyle, R. H. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.022 · Cited by 3
Examining the Beliefs that Contribute to Mental Contamination
Ishikawa, R. (2014) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000166 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Self-compassion on Self-regulation during Negative Events: In Comparison with Self-esteem
박세란, & Lee, H.-J. (2015) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2015.34.4.003 · Cited by 3
A comprehensive analysis of the psychometric properties of the contingencies of self-worth scale (CSWS)
Perinelli, E., Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., & Mancini, D. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01007-5 · Cited by 4
The Influence of Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism on Depression: The Mediating Effect of Self-discrepancy Moderated by Grit
Chon, J., & Lee, D. (2021) · THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY · doi:10.23844/kjcp.2021.02.33.1.367 · Cited by 3
The Effect of Episodic Future Thinking on Learning Intention: Focusing on English Learning Goal‐Relevant Future Thinking in University Students
Asayama, A., Nagamine, M., Kainuma, R., Tang, L., Miwa, S., & Toyama, M. (2024) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12496 · Cited by 3
The role of mothers’ child-based self-worth in their parenting practices
Kyeong, Y., & Cheung, C. S.-S. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254241236459 · Cited by 3
Shining a Light on Racial Privilege: An Empirical Examination of the Role of Whiteness in Willingness to Commit Elite White-Collar Crime
Rorie, M. L., Sohoni, T., & Reed, S. M. (2024) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2024.2388205 · Cited by 3
Revisiting Kernis’ contingent self-esteem scale: Scale improvement and development of a short (K-CSES-S) and very short version (K-CSES-VS)
Gilbert, W., Tóth‐Király, I., Garn, A. C., & Morin, A. J. S. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07523-6 · Cited by 4
Three-dimensional sources of academic contingent self-worth and their links to perfectionism and academic emotions: Identifying the least vulnerable source
Chang, Y.-F. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2477790 · Cited by 3
Contingent Self-esteem in Chinese Early and Late Adolescents
Chen, L. (2011) · Cited by 3
An Investigation of Taiwanese College Students’ Personality Traits and Self-worth
Wang, H., Chen, H., Hong, Z., & Yore, L. D. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9579-3 · Cited by 3

Authors: Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
University of Missouri (US)
ORCID: Crocker, Jennifer
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 85
Issue: 5
Pages: 894-908
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894
OpenAlex: W1993403980
Cited by: 1,018
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 17.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, university students, academic performance, appearance, social approval, competition, family support, faith, virtue, scale development, factor structure, time use
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychological Theory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Values, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks