Cited by 1,018Personality Traits and PsychologyPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.

Crocker, Jennifer, Luhtanen, Riia K., Cooper, M. Lynne, Bouvrette, Alexandra·2003·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale assesses 7 sources of self-esteem in college students: academics, appearance, approval from others, competition, family support, God's love, and virtue. In confirmatory factor analyses on data from 1,418 college students, a 7-factor model fit to the data acceptably well and significantly better than several plausible alternative models. The subscales all have high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, are distinct from other personality measures, and have a simplex structure arrayed on a continuum from external to internal sources of self-esteem. Contingencies of self-worth assessed prior to college predicted how students spent their time during their 1st year of college.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894

Cites

103 of 103 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 20,015
Untitled work
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
Mind, Self, and Society
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 106 references

3 of the 106 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Allport, 1955, Becoming.
Benson, 1991, Strutting and fretting: Standards for self-esteem.
Bowlby, 1982, Attachment, Vol. 1
Gallup, 1992, The religious life of young Americans.
Gunman, 1954, A new approach to factor analysis: The radex., 258
James, 1910, The self., 41
Luhtanen, 2002, Fragile self-esteem and alcohol use in college students. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Pyszczynski, 2003, Freedom in the balance: On the defense, growth, and expansion of the self., 314

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 999

Contingencies of Self-Worth, Academic Failure, and Goal Pursuit
Park, L. E., Crocker, J., & Kiefer, A. K. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207305538 · Cited by 106
Self-citation
Exploring the relationship between appearance-contingent self-worth and self-esteem: The roles of self-objectification and appearance anxiety
Adams, K. E., Tyler, J. M., Calogero, R. M., & Lee, J. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.10.004 · Cited by 105
Perceived norms for thinness and muscularity among college students: What do men and women really want?
Grossbard, J. R., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. E. (2011) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.04.005 · Cited by 105
Critical stressors influencing construction estimators in Hong Kong
Leung, M., Ng, S. T., Skitmore, M., & Cheung, S. O. (2005) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446190410001678099 · Cited by 105
Perfectionism, Implicit Theories of Intelligence, and Taiwanese Eighth-Grade Students’ Academic Engagement
Shih, S. (2011) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220670903570368 · Cited by 114
Self-Structure and Self-Esteem Stability: The Hidden Vulnerability of Compartmentalization
Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Showers, C. J. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206294872 · Cited by 104
Predicting interest in cosmetic surgery: Interactive effects of appearance-based rejection sensitivity and negative appearance comments
Park, L. E., Calogero, R. M., Harwin, M. J., & DiRaddo, A. M. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.02.003 · Cited by 109
Television as escape from self: Psychological predictors of media involvement
Greenwood, D. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.001 · Cited by 101
Contingencies of self-worth and responses to negative interpersonal feedback
Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860701398808 · Cited by 108
Self-citation
Authenticity and its influence on psychological well‐being and contingent self‐esteem of leaders in Singapore construction sector
Toor, S., & Ofori, G. (2009) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446190902729721 · Cited by 115
The associations between body dissatisfaction, body figure, self‐esteem, and depressed mood in adolescents in the United States and Korea: A moderated mediation analysis
Choi, E.-S., & Choi, I. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.007 · Cited by 113
Shaping achievement goal orientations in a mastery-structured environment and concomitant changes in related contingencies of self-worth
O’Keefe, P. A., Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Linnenbrink‐Garcia, L. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9293-6 · Cited by 104
The passion bug: How and when do leaders inspire work passion?
Ho, V. T., & Astakhova, M. N. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2443 · Cited by 106
Are Family and Nonfamily Tourism Businesses Different? An Examination of the Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy–Entrepreneurial Performance Relationship
Hallak, R., Assaker, G., & O’Connor, P. (2012) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348012461545 · Cited by 101
A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Interventions That Aim to Increase Self-Compassion on Nutrition Habits, Eating Behaviours, Body Weight and Body Image
Rahimi-Ardabili, H., Reynolds, R., Vartanian, L. R., McLeod, L. V. D., & Zwar, N. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0804-0 · Cited by 95
Interpersonal Conflict and Organizational Commitment: Examining Two Levels of Supervisory Support as Multilevel Moderators1
Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P. D., & Jex, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02107.x · Cited by 92
Socio-economic differences in self-esteem of adolescents influenced by personality, mental health and social support
Veselská, Z. D., Gecková, A. M., Gajdošová, B., Orosová, O., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp210 · Cited by 90
Phronesis
Kristjansson, K. R., & Fowers, B. J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192871473.001.0001 · Cited by 94
Not hating what you see: Self-compassion may protect against negative mental health variables connected to self-objectification in college women
Liss, M., & Erchull, M. J. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.02.006 · Cited by 91
Evaluative Concerns and Personal Standards Perfectionism: Self-esteem as a Mediator and Moderator of Relations with Personal and Academic Needs and Estimated GPA
Blankstein, K. R., Dunkley, D. M., & Wilson, J. T. (2008) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-008-9022-1 · Cited by 100
Dimensions of Perfectionism and Self-worth Contingencies in Depression
Sturman, E. D., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Rudolph, S. G. (2008) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0079-9 · Cited by 84
Fatalism in the context of COVID-19: Perceiving coronavirus as a death sentence predicts reluctance to perform recommended preventive behaviors
Jimenez, T., Restar, A., Helm, P. J., Cross, R. I., Barath, D., & Arndt, J. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100615 · Cited by 84
The Impact of Power-Distance Belief on Consumers’ Preference for Status Brands
Kim, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2013.844290 · Cited by 82
Nostalgia: An impactful social emotion
Juhl, J., & Biskas, M. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101545 · Cited by 84
The Impacts of Self-Esteem and Resilience on Academic Performance: An Investigation of Domestic and International Hospitality and Tourism Undergraduate Students
Kwek, A., Bui, H. T., Rynne, J., & So, K. K. F. (2013) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education · doi:10.1080/10963758.2013.826946 · Cited by 81
Athlete identity and athlete satisfaction: The nonconformity of exclusivity
Burns, G. N., Jasinski, D. W., Dunn, S. C., & Fletcher, D. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.020 · Cited by 81
Do men find “bony” women attractive?:
Bergstrom, R. L., Neighbors, C., & Lewis, M. A. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/s1740-1445(03)00025-1 · Cited by 80
Mutual Self-Enhancement in Japan and the United States
Dalsky, D. J., Gohm, C. L., Noguchi, K., & Shiomura, K. (2008) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022107313863 · Cited by 80
PhD Imposter Syndrome: Exploring Antecedents, Consequences, and Implications for Doctoral Well-Being
Sverdlik, A., C. Hall, N., & McAlpine, L. (2020) · International Journal of Doctoral Studies · doi:10.28945/4670 · Cited by 59
The role of close relationships in terror management: a systematic review and research agenda
Plusnin, N., Pepping, C. A., & Kashima, E. S. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317753505 · Cited by 78
A Developmental Model of the Sexual Minority Closet: Structural Sensitization, Psychological Adaptations, and Post-closet Growth
Pachankis, J. E., & Jackson, S. D. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-022-02381-w · Cited by 87
Body Objectification, Social Pressure, and Disordered Eating Behavior in College Women: The Role of Sorority Membership
Basow, S. A., Foran, K. A., & Bookwala, J. (2007) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00388.x · Cited by 78
Interpersonal Consequences of Seeking Self-Esteem
Park, L. E., & Crocker, J. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205277206 · Cited by 78
Self-citation
When Friends Make You Blue: The Role of Friendship Contingent Self-Esteem in Predicting Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms
Cambron‐Mellott, M. J., Acitelli, L. K., & Steinberg, L. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209351593 · Cited by 78
What constitutes vulnerable self-esteem? Comparing the prospective effects of low, unstable, and contingent self-esteem on depressive symptoms.
Sowislo, J. F., Orth, U., & Meier, L. L. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037770 · Cited by 85
Narcissism From the Perspective of the Dynamic Self‐Regulatory Processing Model
Morf, C. C., Torchetti, L., & Schürch, E. (2011) · The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder · doi:10.1002/9781118093108.ch6 · Cited by 77
The social and cultural psychology of honour: What have we learned from researching honour in Turkey?
Uskul, A. K., & Cross, S. E. (2019) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2018.1542903 · Cited by 77
Counteracting workplace ostracism in hospitality with psychological empowerment
Huertas-Valdivia, I., Braojos, J., & Montes, F. J. L. (2018) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.013 · Cited by 86
Perfectionistic strivings and the perils of partialling
Hill, A. P. (2014) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2014.919602 · Cited by 84
The Effect of Religiosity on Life Satisfaction in a Secularized Context: Assessing the Relevance of Believing and Belonging
ten Kate, J., de Koster, W., & van der Waal, J. (2017) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-016-0282-1 · Cited by 92
Selfie posting and self-esteem among young adult women: A mediation model of positive feedback and body satisfaction
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, H., Xie, X., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318787624 · Cited by 76
How sweet it is to be loved by you: The role of perceived regard in the terror management of close relationships.
Cox, C. R., & Arndt, J. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025947 · Cited by 76
Social likeability, conformity, and body talk: Does fat talk have a normative rival in female body image conversations?
Tompkins, K. B., Martz, D. M., Rocheleau, C. A., & Bazzini, D. G. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.07.005 · Cited by 82
Academic stress and positive affect: Asian value and self-worth contingency as moderators among Chinese international students.
Liao, K. Y., & Wei, M. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034071 · Cited by 74
Identifying the Sources of Self-esteem: The Mixed Medley of Benevolence, Merit, and Bias
Kwan, V. S. Y., Kuang, L. L., & Hui, N. H.-H. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802504874 · Cited by 79
A multifunction approach to assessing Aristotelian phronesis (practical wisdom)
Darnell, C. A., Fowers, B. J., & Kristjansson, K. R. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111684 · Cited by 86
Do consumers stick with good-looking broadcasters? The mediating and moderating mechanisms of motivation and emotion
Dang, V. T., Vo‐Thanh, T., Vu, T. T., Wang, J., & Nguyen, N. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113483 · Cited by 82
How photo editing in social media shapes self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem via self-objectification and physical appearance comparisons
Ozimek, P., Lainas, S., Bierhoff, H., & Rohmann, E. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01143-0 · Cited by 118
Relationship Contingency and Sexual Motivation in Women: Implications for Sexual Satisfaction
Sanchez, D. T., Moss‐Racusin, C. A., Phelan, J. E., & Crocker, J. (2010) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9593-4 · Cited by 83
Self-citation
Show me the product, show me the model: Effect of picture type on attitudes toward advertising
Aydınoğlu, N. Z., & Cian, L. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.04.002 · Cited by 72
Weight-based rejection sensitivity: Scale development and implications for well-being
Brenchley, K. J. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.11.005 · Cited by 74
Engineering graduate students’ mental health: A scoping literature review
Bork, S., & Mondisa, J. (2022) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20465 · Cited by 86
Patients’ emotional bonding with MHealth apps: An attachment perspective on patients’ use of MHealth applications
Li, J., Zhang, C., Li, X., & Zhang, C. (2019) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102054 · Cited by 71
Gender, Contingencies of Self-Worth, and Achievement Goals as Predictors of Academic Cheating in a Controlled Laboratory Setting
Niiya, Y., Ballantyne, R., North, M. S., & Crocker, J. (2008) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530701866656 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
The Role of Loss in the Experience of Grief: The Case of Job Loss
Papa, A., & Maitoza, R. (2012) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.684580 · Cited by 72
Gender differences in competition and sabotage
Dato, S., & Nieken, P. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.01.012 · Cited by 68
Who Holds a Fixed Mindset and Whom Does It Harm in Mathematics?
Hwang, N., Reyes, M., & Eccles, J. (2016) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x16670058 · Cited by 75
Western Individualism and the Psychological Wellbeing of Young People: A Systematic Review of Their Associations
Humphrey, A., & Bliuc, A. (2021) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth2010001 · Cited by 67
Tainted recommendations: The social comparison bias
Garcia, S. M., Song, H., & Tesser, A. (2010) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.06.002 · Cited by 67
Developmental Trajectories of Personal and Collective Self-Concept Among American Indian Adolescents
Whitesell, N. R., Mitchell, C. M., Kaufman, C. E., Spicer, P., & the Voices of Indian Teens Project Team (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00949.x · Cited by 67
Are people willing to share their political opinions on Facebook? Exploring roles of self-presentational concern in spiral of silence
Liu, Y., Rui, J. R., & Cui, X. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.029 · Cited by 67
Investing in the ideal: Does objectified body consciousness mediate the association between appearance contingent self-worth and appearance self-esteem in women?
Noser, A. E., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2013) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.11.006 · Cited by 66
Exploring Domain-Specific Perfectionism
McArdle, S. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00624.x · Cited by 77
Connecting Self-Esteem and Achievement
Hope, E. C., Chavous, T. M., Jagers, R. J., & Sellers, R. M. (2013) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831213500333 · Cited by 67
Does Bad Company Corrupt Good Morals? Social Bonding and Academic Cheating among French and Chinese Teens
Gentina, É., Tang, T. L., & Gu, Q. (2015) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2939-z · Cited by 70
“Likes” as KPI: An examination of teenage girls’ perspective on peer feedback on Instagram and its influence on coping response
Li, P., Chang, L., Chua, T. H. H., & Loh, R. S. M. (2018) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.07.003 · Cited by 77
When Self-Worth Depends on Social Media Feedback: Associations with Psychological Well-Being
Sabik, N. J., Falat, J., & Magagnos, J. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01062-8 · Cited by 69
When the Relationship Becomes Her: Revisiting Women's Body Concerns from a Relationship Contingency Perspective
Sanchez, D. T., & Kwang, T. (2007) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00389.x · Cited by 64
Effects of person versus process praise on student motivation: stability and change in emerging adulthood
Haimovitz, K., & Corpus, J. H. (2011) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2011.585950 · Cited by 66
A Measurement Model for Dignity, Face, and Honor Cultural Norms
Yao, J., Ramirez‐Marin, J. Y., Brett, J. M., Aslani, S., & Semnani‐Azad, Z. (2017) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1017/mor.2017.49 · Cited by 66
Self-compassion as a healthy attitude toward the self: Factorial and construct validity in an Italian sample
Veneziani, C. A., Fuochi, G., & Voci, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.028 · Cited by 70
Racial Identity and Gender as Moderators of the Relationship Between Body Image and Self-esteem for African Americans
Oney, C., Cole, E. R., & Sellers, R. M. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9962-z · Cited by 75
Predicting Problematic Internet Use in Men and Women: The Contributions of Psychological Distress, Coping Style, and Body Esteem
Hetzel‐Riggin, M. D., & Pritchard, J. R. (2011) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0314 · Cited by 62
Contingent Self-worth and Self-handicapping: Do Incremental Theorists Protect Self-esteem?
Niiya, Y., Brook, A. T., & Crocker, J. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860903054233 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Who Leaves, Who Stays? Psychological Predictors of Undergraduate Chemistry Students’ Persistence
Shedlosky-Shoemaker, R. A., & Fautch, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed500571j · Cited by 62
Self-Enhancement by Social Comparison: A Prospective Analysis
Zuckerman, M., & O’Loughlin, R. E. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205286111 · Cited by 61
“Where there is a will, there is an A”: examining the roles of self-efficacy and self-concept in college students’ current educational attainment and career planning
Fenning, B. E., & May, L. N. (2013) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-013-9228-4 · Cited by 69
Fill Up Your Senses: A Theory of Self-Worth Restoration through High-Intensity Sensory Consumption
Batra, R., & Ghoshal, T. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx074 · Cited by 64
Maladaptive Responses to Relationship Dissolution: The Role of Relationship Contingent Self-Worth: RESPONSES TO ROMANTIC BREAKUP
PARK, L. E., SANCHEZ, D. T., & BRYNILDSEN, K. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00769.x · Cited by 60
Obsessing about intimate-relationships: testing the double relationship-vulnerability hypothesis.
Doron, G., Szepsenwol, O., Karp, E., & Gal, N. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.003 · Cited by 63
Young women's attachment style and interpersonal engagement with female TV stars
Greenwood, D., Pietromonaco, P. R., & Long, C. R. (2008) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407507087964 · Cited by 62
A Fixed Mindset Leads to Negative Affect: The Relations Between Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Subjective Well-Being
King, R. B. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000290 · Cited by 62
Contingent self-worth and Facebook addiction
Kanat-Maymon, Y., Almog, L., Cohen, R., & Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.07.011 · Cited by 57
Why and how are you attached to your Social Group? Investigating different forms of social identification
Amiot, C. E., & Aubin, R. M. (2013) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12004 · Cited by 59
Determinants of asset misappropriation at the workplace: the moderating role of perceived strength of internal controls
Koomson, T. A. A., Owusu, G. M. Y., Bekoe, R. A., & Oquaye, M. (2020) · Journal of Financial Crime · doi:10.1108/jfc-04-2020-0067 · Cited by 59
Who Turns Green with Envy? Conceptual and Empirical Perspectives on Dispositional Envy
Rentzsch, K., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2012 · Cited by 60
Self-esteem and counterproductive work behaviors: a systematic review
Whelpley, C. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-01-2014-0008 · Cited by 56
Moral self-regulation, moral identity, and religiosity.
Ward, S. J., & King, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000207 · Cited by 64
Blowing in the (social) wind: Implications of extrinsic esteem contingencies for terror management and health
Arndt, J., Cox, C. R., Goldenberg, J. L., Vess, M., Routledge, C., Cooper, D. P., & Cohen, F. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015182 · Cited by 59
Development of a self‐report measure of unconditional positive self‐regard
Patterson, T. G., & Joseph, S. (2006) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608305x89414 · Cited by 58
Narcissism and self-presentation: The moderating effects of accountability and contingencies of self-worth
Collins, D. R., & Stukas, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.011 · Cited by 58
Optimal Self–esteem is Contingent: Intrinsic versus Extrinsic and Upward versus Downward Contingencies
Vonk, R., & Smit, H. (2011) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.817 · Cited by 62
Envy mediates the relation between low academic self-esteem and hostile tendencies
Rentzsch, K., Schröder–Abé, M., & Schütz, A. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.08.001 · Cited by 61
What about Nontraditional Masculinities? Toward a Quantitative Model of Therapeutic New Masculinity Ideology
Kaplan, D., Rosenmann, A., & Shuhendler, S. (2016) · Men and Masculinities · doi:10.1177/1097184x16634797 · Cited by 57
Adolescents’ social media experiences and their self-esteem: A person-specific susceptibility perspective.
Valkenburg, P. M., Pouwels, J. L., Beyens, I., van Driel, I. I., & Keijsers, L. (2021) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000037 · Cited by 57
Significant others and contingencies of self-worth: Activation and consequences of relationship-specific contingencies of self-worth.
Horberg, E. J., & Chen, S. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016428 · Cited by 58
Rejecting Responsibility: Low Physical Involvement in Obtaining Food Promotes Unhealthy Eating
Hagen, L., Krishna, A., & McFerran, B. (2016) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.14.0125 · Cited by 56
Facebook, body esteem, and body surveillance in adult women: The moderating role of self-compassion and appearance-contingent self-worth
Modica, C. A. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.002 · Cited by 62
What shapes adolescents’ attitudes toward luxury brands? The role of self-worth, self-construal, gender and national culture
Bakir, A., Gentina, É., & Gil, L. D. A. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102208 · Cited by 63
The Pursuit of Self-Esteem and Its Motivational Implications
van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Wouters, S., Verschueren, K., Briers, V., Deeren, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.277 · Cited by 55

Authors: Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A.
Affiliations: University of Michigan (US)
University of Missouri (US)
ORCID: Crocker, Jennifer
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 85
Issue: 5
Pages: 894-908
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894
OpenAlex: W1993403980
Cited by: 1,018
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 17.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, university students, academic performance, appearance, social approval, competition, family support, faith, virtue, scale development, factor structure, time use
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychological Theory, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Social Values, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks