Extraversion and emotional reactivity
Abstract
Six mood induction studies and a meta-analysis were conducted to test 2 models of the extraversion-pleasant affect relation. The affect-level model suggests that extraverts should be happier than introverts in both neutral and positive mood conditions. The reactivity model posits that extraverts react particularly strongly to pleasant stimuli and that they should be happier than introverts only in positive conditions. In all studies, extraverts failed to exhibit greater emotional reactivity when pleasantness items were analyzed. When activated positive affect items were analyzed, results were mixed. The meta-analysis confirmed that there is only a slight reactivity effect overall, and this effect emerges only in activated positive affect items. Furthermore, the meta-analysis showed that the correlation in neutral conditions is strong enough to support the affect-level model.
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Self-report and psychophysiological evidence suggest that positive affect forms the conceptual core of extraversion.
“There is both self-report and psychophysiological evidence to suggest that positive affect forms the ‘conceptual core’ of extraversion (Hermes, Hagemann, Naumann, & Walter, 2011; Lucas & Baird, 2004; Watson & Clark, 1997).”
From Examining Positive and Negative Affect as Outcomes and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Lucas & Baird, 2004
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Self-citationTests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
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“There is both self-report and psychophysiological evidence to suggest that PA forms the “ conceptual core ” of extraversion (Hermes, Hage-mann, Naumann, & Walter, 2011; Lucas & Baird, 2004; Watson & Clark, 1997).”
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- Authors
- Lucas, R. E., & Baird, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- ORCID
- Lucas, Richard E.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 473-485
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1987221160
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 10.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- extraversion, emotional reactivity, positive affect, mood induction, introversion, happiness
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male
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