Cited by 323Logic, Reasoning, and KnowledgeDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsCategorization, perception, and language

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 108 of the 108 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Approaches to studying formal and everyday reasoning.

Galotti, Kathleen M.·1989·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.331

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.331

Cites

108 of 108 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
Human Problem Solving.
Axten, N., Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063712 · Cited by 6,886
Human Problem Solving
Newell, A. (1972) · Cited by 6,222
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.
Shafer, G. R., Kahnerman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288362 · Cited by 5,658
How We Think: A Restatement of the Relation of Reflective Thinking to the Educative Process
Bugg, E. G., & Dewey, J. (1934) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1415632 · Cited by 5,344
Mental Models
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) · Cited by 5,190
Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment.
Cherniak, C., Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. D. (1983) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184495 · Cited by 4,196
Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications
Anderson, J. R. (2014) · Cited by 4,121
The nature of human intelligence
Fuilford, J. P. (1967) · McGraw-Hill eBooks · Cited by 3,864
Book Review Nisbett, R. , & Ross, L.Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
Miller, G. A., & Cantor, N. E. (1982) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1982.1.1.83 · Cited by 2,862

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 108 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 323

Deduction by children and animals: Does it follow the Johnson-Laird & Byrne model?
Davis, H. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030375 · Cited by 3
Models, rules and expertise
Stevenson, R. J. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030624 · Cited by 3
Openness in real-world mathematical problems: a systematic literature review
Völlinger, N., Schukajlow, S., Verschaffel, L., & Krawitz, J. (2026) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-026-10520-6 · Cited by 2
Constructing Personal Epistemologies: Cultural and Methodological Considerations
Maynard, A. E., & Barney, D. E. (2018) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000495119 · Cited by 2
“…however, does not guarantee that people will be good at logical reasoning; even highly schooled participants can have trouble with formal logic when they are biased by information they know to be true and they ignore the validity of the proposition (Evans, Handley, & Harper, 2001; Galotti, 1989).”
Background
Doku ve Organ Bağışı Konusunda Düzce Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Kararlarının ve İnformal Muhakeme Örüntülerinin İncelenmesi
Kaya, G., & Genç, M. (2023) · Academia Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.53506/egitim.1248317 · Cited by 2
Adobe Flash Development Using Interaction Treatment Aptitude to Improve the Reasoning of Kinetic Theory of Gas and Thermodynamic Materials
Aswirna, P., Yulianti, P., Fahmi, R., & Agustin, N. A. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1467/1/012012 · Cited by 2
“Reasoning has different meanings as suggested by experts [12], Jacob & Willis shared they thought about the meaning of reasoning as "a special form of thinking in an attempt to draw conclusions drawn from the premise, conclusions of various current knowledge and beliefs [13, 14], transforming…”
Background
Development of a learning community in a science classroom
Watters, J. J., & Ginns, I. (1999) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 2
Issues for the next generation of base rate research
Koehler, J. J. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041455 · Cited by 2
Do mental models provide an adequate account of syllogistic reasoning performance?
Newstead, S. E. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030557 · Cited by 2
To short or not to short? Improving morality judgments of short trades and short traders
Chatterjee, S., Dalman, M. D., & Mookherjee, S. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.04.011 · Cited by 2
On being drawn to different types of arguments: a mouse-tracking study
Svedholm‐Häkkinen, A. M., & Hietanen, M. (2024) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2024.2370074 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, informal arguments typically leave a premise implicit, making it necessary to read between the lines (galotti, 1989).”
Influential
Contrastive analysis of verdicts, cognitive activity, reasoning and information-processing in judicial judgements
Fernández, R. A., Rivera, F. F., & Pérez, M. N. (2004) · Cited by 2
Implementation of Mechanical Technology Competence Learning Model with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Idkhan, A. M., Djuanda, & Putra, I. I. (2019) · International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology · doi:10.18517/ijaseit.9.5.9157 · Cited by 2
“Galloti [57], the reasoning is transforming the information provided to examine conclusions.”
Background
Conservatism revisited: Base rates, prior probabilities, and averaging strategies
Melone, N. P., & McGuire, T. W. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041388 · Cited by 2
Judgment theory and school psychology
Burns, C. W. (1990) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(90)90023-z · Cited by 2
Rule systems are not dead: Existential quantifiers are harder
Grandy, R. E. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030466 · Cited by 2
Some difficulties about deduction
Cohen, L. J. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030351 · Cited by 2
Unjustified presuppositions of competence
Savion, L. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030600 · Cited by 2
Mental models and informal logic
Fisher, A. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030430 · Cited by 2
Gestalt theory, formal models and mathematical modeling
Luchins, A. S., & Luchins, E. H. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003051x · Cited by 2
Tractability considerations in deduction
Crawford, J. M. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030363 · Cited by 2
The relationship between formal and informal reasoning
Ohm, E. (2005) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 2
Throwing out the baby with the bathwater? Let's not overstate the overselling of the base rate fallacy
Thomsen, C. J., & Borgida, E. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004142x · Cited by 2
There is no need for (even fully fleshed out) mental models to map onto formal logic
Pollard, P. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030594 · Cited by 2
Nuancing should not imply neglecting
Margolis, H. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041340 · Cited by 2
Do Moral Action and Moral Prediction Go Hand in Hand? Exploring Morality as a Function of Self-regulation
Teper, R. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Peruskoulun yläasteen oppilaan geometrinen käsitetieto
Silfverberg, H. (1999) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 2
مهارات التفکیر الاستدلالى فى مرحلة الطفولة المتأخرة : دراسة مقارنة بین الذکور والإناث
شلبى, أ. م. ع. (2010) · مجلة بحوث کلية الآداب جامعة المنوفية · doi:10.21608/sjam.2010.136683 · Cited by 1
Training rational thinking: Improvements without transfer to argument evaluation
Grimm, J., & Richter, T. (2026) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2026.102359 · Cited by 1
Student ability in identifying reasons for different points of view: A learning activity conducted with a group of Japanese High School Students
Wai, N. N., Hirakawa, Y., Hirasawa, K., & Giles, J. H. (2005) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/bf03026783 · Cited by 1
“…to solve real life problems --- “everyday reasoning” (Perkins, 1989; Perkins, Farady & Bushey, 1991), “informal reasoning” (Perkins, Farady & Bushey, 1991; Galotti, 1989; Khun, 1991) or “argumentative reasoning” (Khun, 1991; Khun, Shaw & Felton, 1997) --- is a fundamental critical thinking skill.”
Reasoning deficits among illicit drug users are associated with aspects of cannabis use
Fisk, J. E., Morley, A. M., Hadjiefthyvoulou, F., & Montgomery, C. (2014) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-014-0616-2 · Cited by 1
“Galotti KM. (1989).”
Epistemic Understanding and Sound Reasoning Skills that Underlie Effective Democratic Engagement
Weinstock, M. P. (2010) · In Factis Pax: Journal of Peace Education and Social Justice · Cited by 1
Inferências na argumentação e na construção de conhecimento: explorando situações escolares
dos Santos, C. M. M. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1
Scientific thinking and mental models
Tweney, R. D. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030636 · Cited by 1
Architecture and algorithms: Power sharing for mental models
Inder, R. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030491 · Cited by 1
Improving decision accuracy where base rates matter: The prediction of violent recidivism
Quinsey, V. L. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004139x · Cited by 1
Getting down to cases
Bach, K. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030284 · Cited by 1
How are base rates used? Interactive and group effects
McLeod, P. J., & Watt, M. C. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041376 · Cited by 1
Models for deontic deduction
Manktelow, K. I. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030533 · Cited by 1
Where do you stand on the base rate issue?
Stalker, D. F. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041418 · Cited by 1
Are base rates a natural category of information?
Connolly, T. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041194 · Cited by 1
The need for a theory of evidential weight
Cohen, L. J. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041182 · Cited by 1
The content of mental models
Legrenzi, P., & Legrenzi, M. S. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030508 · Cited by 1
The implications of Koehler's approach for fact finding
Callen, C. R. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041170 · Cited by 1
The perils of reconstructive remembering and the value of representative design
Vicente, K. J. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041431 · Cited by 1
Base rates in the applied domain of accounting
Koonce, L. L. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041303 · Cited by 1
Razonamiento informal: estudio de la influencia del nivel educativo y la experiencia de inmigración
Martín-Monzón, I., & DELGADO, I. N. (2007) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/81bd3753 · Cited by 1
“Sin embargo, el razonamiento informal, en el que se centra nuestra investigacion, sigue siendo un termino ambiguo, que admite distintos matices y significados, por lo que ha dado lugar a muy diferentes intentos de defi nicion; algunos de ellos provienen de autores como Khun (1991, 1993), Galotti (1989) , Perkins (1989…”
Background
Knowledge Base and Transfer: On the Usefulness of Useless Knowledge
Haskell, R. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012330595-4/50007-x · Cited by 1
Exploring Volunteers' Understanding of Harm in International Volunteering Projects: A Mental Models Approach
Ladosz, M. (2015) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26127 · Cited by 1
Transfer of learning in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
McInerney, R. J. (2007) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria) · Cited by 1
Innovations and sales growth in new ventures: The mediating effect of growth intention
Géraudel, M., Cesinger, B., & Gundolf, K. (2016) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2016.11419abstract · Cited by 1
Towards a Rhetoric of Informal Scientific Writing: Plausible Argument and Complex Reasoning
ordan, M. P. (1999) · Discourse and Writing/Rédactologie · doi:10.31468/cjsdwr.431 · Cited by 1
Intelligence naturelle, intelligence artificielle
George, C. (1992) · Presses Universitaires de France eBooks · doi:10.3917/puf.lenyj.1993.01.0085 · Cited by 1
Pedagogic practice between tradition and renewal : A study of the new mathematics curriculum in Mozambique
Mutemba, B. (2012) · Epubl LTU · Cited by 1
Probabilistic fallacies
Kyburg, H. E. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041327 · Cited by 1
How Conflict Results from Perceptual Gaps in the Shared Understanding of a ProblemPreprint
Cronin, M. A., Weingart, L. R., Cagan, J., & Vogel, C. (2002) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.304590 · Cited by 1
Psychological Foundations for Automated Instructional Design
Elmore, R., & Tennyson, R. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57821-2_7 · Cited by 1
A Questionnaire of the Nature of Critical Thinking From the College Teachers in China
Geng, F., & Sun, Y. (2014) · Higher education of social science · doi:10.3968/5513
La teoría implícita del orientador y sus repercusiones prácticas
Álvarez-Valdés, G., & Victoria, M. (1991) · Revista Española de Pedagogía
Essential Differences between High and Low Performers' Thinking about Graphically-Orientated Numeracy Items
Diezmann, C. M., Lowrie, T. J., & Kozak, N. (2007) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)
Dual-Process Theory and Syllogistic Reasoning: A Signal Detection Analysis
Dubé, C. (2023) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/685892
Deduciendo movimientos: un estudio del procesamiento de enunciados condicionales por estudiantes universitarios
Cassan, R., & Massa, M. (2014) · Revista de Enseñanza de la Física
BOOK REVIEW: "Damn Interesting in Its Own Right"
Knutson, S. (2004) · Mind Culture and Activity · doi:10.1207/s15327884mca1103_5
“…in the “real world” (G. Cohen, 1989), naturalistic decision making (e.g., G.A. Klein, Orasanu, Calderwood & Zsambok, 1993), informal reasoning (e.g. Galotti, 1989; Voss, Perkins, & Segal, 1991), everyday reasoning (e.g. Galotti, 1989); and problem solving (Sinnott, 1989), practical intelligence…”
Alternative Methodologies for Research Work with Children: Parallel Distributed Processing as a New Possibility or Another Dead End
Tanner, R. E. S. (2007) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-007-9096-0
“The differences between formal and everyday reasoning ( Galotti, 1989 ) suggest that the latter are loosely formulated, implicit, not self-contained and with unclear solutions.”
Background
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MULTIPLE‐CHOICE REASONING ITEMS AND A CONSTRUCTED‐RESPONSE GENERATING‐EXPLANATIONS TASK
Enright, M. K., Rock, D. A., & Bennett, R. E. (1998) · ETS Research Report Series · doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1998.tb01790.x
“The constructs of divergent thinking and fluency described by Guilford (1967) and Carroll (1993) are clearly applicable to the generating-explanations factor that emerged in the present study and in other investigations of this problem type.”
Background
Why study deduction?
Galotti, K. M., & Komatsu, L. K. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030442
Self-citation
P(D/H), P(D/˜H), and base rate consideration
Klar, Y. (1996) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00041285
A case study of scientific reasoning
McRobbie, C. J., & English, L. D. (1993) · Research in Science Education · doi:10.1007/bf02357061
“These approaches have included the study of scientific thinking as combinatorial logic (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958) and the logic of deductive argument (O'Brien, 1987), inductive reasoning (Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett & Thagard, 1986), problem solving involving a search through different problem spaces (Klahr & Dunbar, 198…”
Background
Reconocimiento de fuerzas y resolución en voz alta. Un método de análisis.
Rosolio, A., Sánchez, P., Cassan, R., & Llonch, E. (2015) · Revista de Enseñanza de la Física
Aportaciones del razonamiento informal a la psicología del pensamiento
Luque, M. L. (1998) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
ESTUDIO SOBRE LOS MODOS DE ACEPTACIÓN DE FALACIAS LÓGICAS
Aires, B., Nicolai, L. I., & Attorresi, H. F. (2004) · XI Jornadas de Investigación
Therapist conceptualization of client patterns of interpersonal functioning
Patterson, G. S. (1995) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Neuroscientific Challenges to deontological theory: Implications to Moral Education
Park, J.-H. (2011) · Journal of Ethics · doi:10.15801/je.1.82.201109.73
Development of a Framework to Describe the Association Between Hypothetical and Real-World Decisions: A Systematic Concept Review and Cognitive Interviews with Decision Aid Developers
Hayes, T. (2016) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-583
Classroom culture and informal reasoning abilities among Korean high school students
Kim, Y. (2005)
Underlying processes of antisocial decisions: Adolescents versus adults
Modecki, K. L. (2007) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)
What Is My Educational Experience? The Use of Autoethnography as an Instructional Tool in an Online Introduction to Educational Leadership Course
Pichon, H. W. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69947-5_12
Moral Consilience
Capó, M. Á., Nadal, M., & Cela‐Conde, C. J. (2006) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1162/biot.2006.1.2.133
Induction in Fluid Intelligence: Knowledge, novelty, learning and proactive interference
Bui, M. (2010) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney)
Reasoning and Social Context: the Role of Social Status and Power
Rooney, P. A. (2007) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Features of Relationship between Moral Judgments and Mental Model (on the Example of Adults with ASD)
Nemzer, E., & Бородина, Л. Г. (2022) · Psychology and Law · doi:10.17759/psylaw.2022120114
المجلد العدد الرابع
إسماعيل, م. ا. م. (2021) · Al-Mağallah Al-ʿArabiyyaẗ Lil-Qiyās wa Al-Taqwīm · doi:10.21608/ajme.2021.258338
Distinctive Aspects of Reasoning in Statistics and Mathematics: Implications for Classroom Arguments
Conner, A., & Peters, S. A. (2023) · Advances in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29459-4_20
SOBRE A ABDUÇÃO PEIRCEANA E A POSSIBILIDADE DE OUTRO TIPO DE RACIOCÍNIO INFERENCIAL
de Medeiros, B. B. (2024) · Kínesis - Revista de Estudos dos Pós-Graduandos em Filosofia · doi:10.36311/1984-8900.2023.v15n39.p72-88
La teoría implícita del orientador y sus repercusiones prácticas
Álvarez-Valdés, M. V. G. (1991) · Revista Española de Pedagogía · doi:10.22550/2174-0909.1958
Edukiaren efektuak arrazoibide deduktiboan
Huizi, P. (2024) · Gogoa · doi:10.1387/gogoa.26078
Essentials of Counseling of a Teenaged Child with DSD at the Threshold of Decision-Making
Sulakshana, S., & Deshpande, S. N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-1639-5_36
Can Video Lectures on Enthymemes Improve Adult Learners’ Critical Thinking and Clickbait Detection Skills?
Vlah, A., Wijnia, L., Lutz, C., Burke, M., & Loyens, S. M. M. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14121284 · Cited by 2
“Syllogisms, in which all premises are given, belong to formal reasoning (logic), and enthymemes belong to everyday, informal reasoning [60].”
Foreword
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.002.0005
Figure
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.002.0007
Learning
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0007
What is this book about?
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0001
Taxonomies of Cognitive Architectures
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0004
Practical Applications of Cognitive Architectures
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0010
Cognitive Architectures, AI, and Cognitive Science
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0003
Copyright Page
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.002.0004
Reasoning and Decision-Making
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0008
Challenges of the Past and Opportunities Ahead
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0013
Memory
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0006
Cognitive Architectures in the Deep Learning Era
Kotseruba, I., & Tsotsos, J. K. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192844835.003.0012

Authors: Galotti, K. M.
Affiliations: Carleton College (US)
Corresponding author: Galotti, Kathleen M.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-05
Volume: 105
Issue: 3
Pages: 331-351
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.331
OpenAlex: W1986884366
Cited by: 322
References: 108
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 6.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
Keywords: formal reasoning, everyday reasoning, reasoning, problem solving, cognitive psychology of reasoning

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Approaches to studying formal and everyday reasoning.

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks