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Approaches to studying formal and everyday reasoning.
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“However, in practice people frequently fail to process contradictory information deeply; in particular, they attend much more to evidence that supports their beliefs than evidence that contradicts them (e.g., Galotti, 1989).”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Galotti, 1989
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The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
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“However, an important subset of these evaluations are made with respect to virtues or goods that are applied to everyone in the society (e.g., fairness, honesty, or piety in some cultures), or to everyone in a certain social category (e.g., chastity for young women in some cultures or generosity…”
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How (and where) does moral judgment work?
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“accessing knowledge that have been studied by such researchers as Gick and Holyoak (1983), Ross (1987), and Catrambone and Holyoak (1989) are crucial to understanding how people respond to anomalous data.”
BackgroundA rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection.
Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.608 · Cited by 1,065
“In our view, theories of everyday inference (Galotti, 1989) will involve how factors such as probabilities and utilities interact with reasoning processes (see also Gigerenzer & Hug, 1992).”
BackgroundThe Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Survey
Xi, Z., Chen, W., Guo, X., He, W., Ding, Y., Hong, B., Zhang, M., Wang, J., Jin, S., Zhou, E., et al. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.07864 · Cited by 972
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“Reasoning, crucial in human intellectual activities for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical analysis, is underpinned by evidence and logic [145–147].”
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“Many problems in practical reasoning may have a similar structure (Baron, 1991, 1995; Foley, 1991; Davidson, 1995; Gaiotti, 1989; Harman, 1995; Jacobs & Potenza, 1991; Kardash & Scholes, 1996; Klaczynski & Gordon, 1996; Kuhn, 1991; Perkins, Parady, & Bushey, 1991).”
Risk Perception and Communication
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“The interview should neither preclude the expression of unanticipated beliefs nor inadvertently steer subjects around topics (13, 24, 28).”
BackgroundThinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from Daguerreotype to laserphoto.
Fiske, S. T. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.6.877 · Cited by 476
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“These abilities are fundamental human capabilities that underpin problem-solving, decision-making, and critical analysis, forming the bedrock of human perception and social interaction [216–218].”
Social Intuitionists Answer Six Questions about Moral Psychology
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“" Building on Galotti (1989), moral reasoning can be defined as conscious mental activity that consists of transforming given information about people in order to reach a moral judgment (Haidt, 2001, p. 818).”
BackgroundSeeking and Processing Information about Impersonal Risk
Kahlor, L., Dunwoody, S., Griffin, R. J., & Neuwirth, K. (2006) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547006293916 · Cited by 194
The teaching of thinking and problem solving.
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“Decision making in controlled experimental circumstances does not necessarily reflect an individual's everyday decision making "on the street" (Frisch & Clemen, 1994; Galotti, 1989).”
BackgroundNeys, W. D., Schaeken, W., & d’Ydewalle, G. (2005) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780442000222 · Cited by 146
“Hence it is rather unlikely that the reported findings could be attributed to an aggregation confound.”
BackgroundDecision-making styles in a real-life decision: Choosing a college major
Galotti, K. M., Ciner, E., Altenbaumer, H. E., Geerts, H. J., Rupp, A., & Woulfe, J. M. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.003 · Cited by 154
“We expected separate knowing to correlate with K.M. Galotti et al. / Personality and Individual Differences 41 (2006) 629–639 631”
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del Mas, R. C. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2278-6_4 · Cited by 144
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“As a result, intuitive responses to common situations will not be based on reasoning as they represent a one step process (Galotti 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialFostering argumentative knowledge construction through enactive role play in Second Life
Jamaludin, A. B., Chee, Y. S., & Ho, C. M. L. (2009) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.02.009 · Cited by 119
“According to Galloti (1989) and Shaw (1996), there are close connections between the concept of argumentative knowledge construction and the concepts of ‘critical thinking,’ ‘everyday reasoning,’ ‘informal logic,’ and ‘pragmatic reasoning.’”
BackgroundVariation in Raven's Progressive Matrices scores across time and place
Brouwers, S. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Hemert, D. A. V. (2008) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2008.10.006 · Cited by 129
“The Raven's Progressive Matrices are measures of reasoning and in order to reason people need opportunities for learning how to transform given information into conclusions (Galotti, 1989).”
Constructing knowledge in the context of BioWorld
Lajoie, S. P., Guerrera, C., Munsie, S. D., & Lavigne, N. C. (2001) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/a:1003996000775 · Cited by 113
Connecting scientific and informal reasoning
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Microcultural Analysis of Variation in Sharing of Causal Reasoning about Behavior
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How Well Do Jurors Reason? Competence Dimensions of Individual Variation in a Juror Reasoning Task
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“tive reasoning more broadly is important in establishing that we are dealing with more than task-specific variation and makes clear the relevance of the present results to the growing study of informal reasoning (Galotti, 1989; Kuhn, 1993; Rogoff & Lave, 1984; Sinnott, 1989; Sternberg & Wagner, 1986; Voss, Perkins, &…”
ResultThe Cognitive Processes in Informal Reasoning
Shaw, V. (1996) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/135467896394564 · Cited by 99
Counterfeit Luxuries: Does Moral Reasoning Strategy Influence Consumers’ Pursuit of Counterfeits?
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“For instance, the importance of transforming information as stated by Galotti (1989): “[Reasoning is a] mental activity that consists of transforming given information ... in order to reach conclusions” (p. 333) and the role of samenesses as stated by Grossen (1991): “Analogical and logical reasoning are strategies fo…”
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Multi‐dimensionality of learning in new product development teams
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A longitudinal study of real‐life decision making: Choosing a college
Galotti, K. M. (1995) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2350090602 · Cited by 76
Self-citationA GENERATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT
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Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. J. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030260 · Cited by 67
The Conditional Reasoning Measurement System for Aggression: An Overview
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“…is inductive reasoning, although it focuses less on formal problem solving than on the deliberations that people use everyday to attempt to make sense of their environments and to decide on reasonable ways to adapt to those environments (Galotti, 1989; Kuhn, 1991; Wagner & Sternberg, 1985, 1986).”
BackgroundDevelopment of intuitive and numerical proportional reasoning
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Frontal lobe dysfunction and everyday problem-solving: Social and non-social contributions
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Decision Structuring in Important Real-Life Choices
Galotti, K. M. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01898.x · Cited by 62
“There is good reason to be suspicious of this assumption (Galotti, 1989, 2002).”
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Judging the plausibility of arguments in scientific texts: a student–scientist comparison
von der Mühlen, S., Richter, T., Schmid, S., Schmidt, E. M., & Berthold, K. (2015) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2015.1127289 · Cited by 56
“According to the mental model theory, readers use mental models to also evaluate the truthfulness of formal arguments (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1992) and informal arguments in a text (Galotti, 1989; Perkins, 1986; Shaw, 1996).”
MethodFraming Effect in the Trolley Problem and Footbridge Dilemma
Cao, F., Zhang, J., Song, L., Wang, S., Miao, D., & Peng, J. (2017) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294116685866 · Cited by 59
“In early studies of moral decision making, moral judgment was regarded as a pure logical reasoning process (Bargh & Ferguson, 2000; Galotti, 1989).”
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“Many researchers in psychology, economics, and management have expressed concern about hypothetical tasks adopted in many decision-making experiments, as real-life decisions can differ drastically from imaginary ones (e.g., Camerer and Mobbs, 2017; Galotti, 1989; Galotti et al., 2006).”
BackgroundTransitivity judgments, memory for premises, and models of children's reasoning*1
CHAPMAN, M. (1992) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(92)90006-n · Cited by 54
“Because of Johnson-Laird’s success in providing explanations for the errors and biases typically found in everyday reasoning, Galotti (1989) named the mental models approach as the most promising approach to a general theory of human reasoning.”
BackgroundThe representativeness heuristic in judgements involving entrepreneurial success and failure
Wickham, P. A. (2003) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/00251740310457605 · Cited by 52
Developmental trends in everyday conditional reasoning: The retrieval and inhibition interplay
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Hurricane Risk Communication: Visualization and Behavioral Science Concepts
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“Mental models of risk While JDM research tends to focus on identifying, typically in controlled laboratory settings, how people weigh and select alternate possible decisions (Galotti 1989), mental models research focuses more on how real-world experiences shape overall reasoning.”
BackgroundWeingart, L. R., Todorova, G., & Cronin, M. A. (2010) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/j.1750-4716.2010.00063.x · Cited by 45
“The evaluation differences should be caused by different goal structures because goal structures are how people evaluate how well an end state matches what is desired (Galotti, 1989).”
BackgroundEveryday reasoning and logical inference
Barwise, J. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030314 · Cited by 43
Mental models and the tractability of everyday reasoning
Oaksford, M. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030569 · Cited by 43
Children's Beliefs About Everyday Reasoning
Amsterlaw, J. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00881.x · Cited by 41
“…deal of research in cognitive science has been devoted to characterizing and explaining human reasoning processes (for reviews, see Baron, 2000; Galotti, 1989), tracking their development over the life span (e.g., DeLoache, Miller, & Pierroutsakos, 1998; Jacobs & Klaczynski, 2002; Moshman,…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of generic statements on children's causal attributions: Questions of mechanism.
Cimpian, A., & Erickson, L. C. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025274 · Cited by 39
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“…individuals comprehend their world, how they make decisions, and revise their beliefs, is all dependent on the ability to manipulate and transform knowledge in different contextual situations (Evans, Newstead, & Byrne, 1993; Galotti, 1989; Johnson-Laird & Bara, 1984; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991).”
BackgroundInformation Search Strategies in Loosely Structured Settings
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“…to consciously set aside some prior knowledge and use only the premise information to determine what necessarily follows from the premises, while selectively introducing information from long-term memory to evaluate the truth of the premises (Braine, 1990; Galotti, 1989; Grice, 1975; Morris, 2000).”
BackgroundMorris, A. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.6.741 · Cited by 36
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“An argument is an attempt to convince the reader to accept a proposition, or claim (Galotti 1989).”
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“It is only in recent years that a group of psychologists have started taking argument as the subject of their study (Galotti, 1989; Rips, 2001).”
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“For example , if a premise has different possible interpreta - tions , an order is needed to constrain the sequence of constructed models ( GaIotti , 1989 ) .”
Classrooms That Work: Teaching Generic Skills in Academic and Vocational Settings
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Reasoning and Dyslexia: is Visual Memory a Compensatory Resource?
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“Inductive and deductive reasoning In the context of this study formal reasoning is restricted to intellectual activity with problems whose solutions are governed by a system of logic (Galotti, 1989).”
The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment
Haidt, J. (2008) · Reasoning · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814273.055 · Cited by 27
Mental models or formal rules?
Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. J. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003065x · Cited by 28
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Reconceptualizing Intelligence: Dysrationalia as an Intuition Pump
Stanovich, K. E. (1994) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x023004011 · Cited by 26
“…some progress has even been made on this difficult problem (Arkes, 1991; Baron, 1985,1988; Edwards & von Winterfeldt, 1986; Evans, 1989; Fischhoff, 1982; Fischhoff & BeythMarom, 1983; Friedrich, 1993; Galotti, 1989; Howson & Urbach, 1989; Nozick, 1993; Smith et al., 1991; Thagard, 1992).”
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The logical content of theories of deduction
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How to make big decisions: A cross-sectional study on the decision making process in life choices
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“(Galotti, 1989, 2005, 2007; Pomytkina et al., 2020).”
Bringing Formal and Informal Reasoning Together—A New Era of Assessment?
Teig, N., & Scherer, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01097 · Cited by 27
“The process of scientific reasoning comprises formal and informal reasoning (Galotti, 1989; Kuhn, 1993).”
BackgroundNückles, M., & Bromme, R. (2002) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1026//1618-3169.49.4.292 · Cited by 24
Teaching and Assessing Deductive Reasoning Skills
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“…some who are successful and some who are not, commonly report using these alternatives as strategies in solving categorical and conditional reasoning tasks (Galotti, 1989; Galotti et al., 1986; Johnson-Laird, 1999; Johnson-Laird & Bara, 1984; Rips, 1994; Roberts, 2004; Roberts & Newton, in press).”
BackgroundConditional Reasoning: A Review and Suggestions for Future Test Development and Validation
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“…have explicit rules or strategies for arriving at correct solutions; (d) do not have a single, clear solution but rather multiple ambiguous solutions; and (e) often include a wide array of item content, much of which is immediately relevant to everyday life (see Galotti, 1989, Table 1, p. 335).”
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An Content Analysis of the Definition of Critical Thinking
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“…rules to produce thinking that meet prescribed standards while psychologists take a descriptive approach when scientifically studying how people think, sometimes investigating how well people can use the rules of reasoning and documenting their thinking errors in relation to norms (Galotti, 1989).”
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“It is possible that the implicit nature of the everyday reasoning tasks caused confusion or doubt among the students (Galotti, 1989), which results in the choice of a visual rather than an abstract model to gain a better understanding or overview.”
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“discussions and evaluation of communication at work or school [68,76].”
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Fallacy and controversy about base rates
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Stage Theory of Cognitive Development—Jean Piaget
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On hypermedia-based argumentation decision support systems
Hua, G. H., & Kimbrough, S. O. (1998) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/s0167-9236(97)00062-6 · Cited by 19
Leighton, J. P., & Sternberg, R. J. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop204023 · Cited by 19
Münchow, H., Tiffin‐Richards, S. P., Fleischmann, L., Pieschl, S., & Richter, T. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-023-01147-x · Cited by 18
“Arguments, as they are seen for the purpose of this study, are usually made to convince a person to accept a certain assertion or claim (see Galotti 1989).”
BackgroundThe right to argue: teaching and assessing everyday argumentation skills
Quintana, R., & Correnti, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2018.1450967 · Cited by 23
Diezmann, C. M., & Watters, J. J. (2000) · Gifted and Talented International · doi:10.1080/15332276.2000.11672925 · Cited by 20
The Democraticization of Psychology
Sampson, E. E. (1991) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354391013001 · Cited by 19
Inductive Reasoning and Problem Solving
Phye, G. D. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012554255-5/50015-6 · Cited by 18
Shin, D. (2020) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-020-10101-w · Cited by 17
“The term reasoning has often been used interchangeably with the term thinking to represent people’s mental activity (Galotti, 1989).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Galotti, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Carleton College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galotti, Kathleen M.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1989-05
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 331-351
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1986884366
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Keywords
- formal reasoning, everyday reasoning, reasoning, problem solving, cognitive psychology of reasoning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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