The DOI matches its Crossref record; 195 of the 195 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.
Abstract
L'auteur analyse les effets de variables methodologiques (type et complexite du stimulus, intervalle de presentation, temps d'exposition) et de variables subjectives (âge d'exposition, personnalite) sur la sensibilite du sujet aux stimulus de toutes sortes. Il conclut sur l'interet methodologique de sa recherche, ainsi que sur ses apports pratiques (publicite, traitement de la phobie)
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“In general, individuals prefer the familiar to the unknown because more risks are involved about the unknown [49,50].”
From Consumer Responses to Generative AI Chatbots Versus Search Engines for Product Evaluation (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Research in psychology has shown that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases preference for it even when listeners are unaware of the repetition (Zajonc 1968;Bornstein 1989)”
From The Algorithmic Flattening of Sound: Computational Evidence and Justice Implications of AI Music Homogenization (2026) · cites this paper as Bornstein 1989
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Preferences for Christian names as a function of their experienced familiarity
Colman, A. M., Hargreaves, D. J., & Sluckin, W. (1981) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00465.x · Cited by 18
White Boys' Ratings of Pictures of Whites and Blacks as Related to Amount of Familiarization
Ball, P. M., & Cantor, G. N. (1974) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1974.39.2.883 · Cited by 17
PREFERENCES FOR COMMON WORDS, UNCOMMON WORDS AND NON‐WORDS BY CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
Colman, A. M., Walley, M., & Sluckin, W. (1975) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01483.x · Cited by 17
Pistole, D. D., & Shor, R. E. (1979) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1979.9710524 · Cited by 16
The influence of stimulus incongruity on the familiarity effect in visual selection
Faw, T. T., & Nunnally, J. C. (1971) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212618 · Cited by 16
Effects of varying exposure to another person with familiar or unfamiliar thought processes
Brickman, P., Meyer, P. A., & Fredd, S. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(75)80026-6 · Cited by 16
Relative intake of saccharin drinking schedule
Navarick, D. J., & Strouthes, A. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03336256 · Cited by 15
The novel and the familiar: Sources of interest in verbal information
Teigen, K. H. (1985) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686573 · Cited by 15
Faw, T. T., & Pien, D. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(71)90038-5 · Cited by 15
An Evolutionary Approach to Research on the Life Cycle
Freedman, D. G. (2009) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000271204 · Cited by 15
Intrinsic interest and the novelty‐familiarity interaction
Teigen, K. H. (1987) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1987.tb00756.x · Cited by 14
Effects of Repeated Listening on Connotative Meaning of Serious Music
Lieberman, L. R., & Walters, W. M. (1968) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1968.26.3.891 · Cited by 14
Field Extension of the Frequency-Affect Findings
Crandall, R. (1972) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1972.31.2.371 · Cited by 13
Attitudinal effects of mere exposure: A replication and extension
Janisse, M. P. (1970) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03337428 · Cited by 13
Attitude Change by Stimulus Exposures
Litvak, S. B. (1969) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1969.25.2.391 · Cited by 13
Some effects of attitudinal similarity and exposure on attraction and aggression
Shuntich, R. J. (1976) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(76)90068-4 · Cited by 12
Familiarity and Liking: Direct Tests of the Preference-Feedback Hypothesis
Colman, A. M., Best, W. M., & Austen, A. J. (1986) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.58.3.931 · Cited by 12
Familiarity and Musical Training in the Esthetic Evaluation of Music
Edmonston, W. E. (1969) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1969.9922393 · Cited by 11
Mere repeated exposure and experimental stress as determiners of stimulus evaluations
Vanbeselaere, N. (1980) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00995930 · Cited by 10
Preference and Expectancy Arousal: Further Evidence
Crandall, J. E. (1970) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1970.9710809 · Cited by 10
Interest and liking: Further sequential effects
Berryman, J. C. (1984) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02686556 · Cited by 10
Repeated Exposure to Liked and Disliked Social Stimuli
Bukoff, A., & Elman, D. (1979) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1979.9922685 · Cited by 9
Influence of Familiarity on Responses to Visual Qualities of Neighborhoods
Nasar, J. L. (1980) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1980.51.2.635 · Cited by 9
Initial Evaluation of Stimuli as Another Limiting Condition of the Exposure Effect
İmamoğlu, E. O. (1974) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1974.tb00103.x · Cited by 9
Exposure Duration as a Confounding Methodological Factor in Projective Testing
Stang, D. J., Campus, N., & Wallach, C. (1975) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa3906_5 · Cited by 9
The role of familiarity in the appreciation of humor
Suls, J. M. (1975) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb02385.x · Cited by 9
Mednick, M. T. S., & Mednick, S. A. (1963) · Holt, Rinehart and Winston eBooks · Cited by 8
Stimulus Properties, Frequency of Exposure, and Affective Responding
Reich, J. W., & Moody, C. A. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1970.30.1.27 · Cited by 8
A Summary Review of Mediating Explanations of Exposure Phenomena
Grush, J. E. (1979) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727900500205 · Cited by 8
THE INFLUENCE OF STIMULUS FAMILIARITY/NOVELTY ON CHILDREN'S EXPRESSED PREFERENCES
Sluckin, W., Miller, L. B., & Franklin, H. C. (1973) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01382.x · Cited by 8
Lemond, L. C., & Nunnally, J. C. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(74)90117-9 · Cited by 7
Effects of Frequency, Duration of Study Trial, and Total Duration of Exposure on Affective Judgments
Marcus, M. G., & Hakmiller, K. L. (1975) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.37.1.195 · Cited by 7
Pheterson, M., & Horai, J. (1976) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1976.4.2.241 · Cited by 7
Exposure, Favorability and Item Endorsement
Harrison, A. A. (1968) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1968.23.3f.1070 · Cited by 7
THE INFLUENCE OF SHORT‐TERM NOVELTY ON AFFECTIVE ASSERTIONS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Freeman, N. (1972) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1972.tb01305.x · Cited by 7
Meyer, M. F. (1903) · The American Journal of Psychology · Cited by 6
Frequency-Affect Relationship in a Simultaneous Spatial Presentation
Matlin, M. W. (1974) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.379 · Cited by 6
Rabinowitz, F. M., & Robe, C. V. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026670 · Cited by 6
The Rating of Materials Found in the Mailbox: Effects of Frequency of Receipt
Rajecki, D. W., & Wolfson, C. (1973) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/268064 · Cited by 6
Familiarity Breeds Success: A Field Study of Exposure and Voting Behavior
Schaffner, P., & Wandersman, A. H. (1974) · Proceedings of the Division of Personality and Society Psychology · doi:10.1177/014616727400100130 · Cited by 6
Preference for Novelty-Familiarity and Activity-Passivity in a Free Choice Situation
Eson, M. E., Cometa, M. S., Allen, D. A., & Henel, P. A. (1977) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1977.10533266 · Cited by 6
Effect of novelty on stimulus selection in children
Leckart, B. T., Briggs, B., & Kirk, J. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331449 · Cited by 6
Frequency of Exposure and Evaluation of Candidates and Campaign Speeches1
Suedfeld, P., Rank, D. S., & Borrie, R. A. (1975) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1975.tb01301.x · Cited by 5
Preference for news as a function of familiarity
Teigen, K. H. (1985) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1985.tb01174.x · Cited by 5
Tucker, R. K., & Ware, P. D. (1971) · Quarterly Journal of Speech · doi:10.1080/00335637109383089 · Cited by 5
Familiarity and attraction to stimuli: Developmental change or methodological artifact?
Kail, R. V. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(74)90128-3 · Cited by 5
Pop Records and Connotative Satiation: Test of Jakobovits' Theory
Bush, P. A., & Pease, K. (1968) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1968.23.3.871 · Cited by 4
Task difficulty and the reinforcement effects of high- and low-frequency stimuli.
Harrison, A. A., Tufts, J. W., & Strayer, J. B. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036553 · Cited by 4
Learning mediates the exposure-attraction relationship: More evidence
Stang, D. J., Faranda, J., & Tantillo, J. (1977) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03336916 · Cited by 3
Linford, M. D., & Linford, A. G. (1977) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1977.41.1.251 · Cited by 3
EXPOSURE, RECALL, JUDGED FAVORABILITY, AND SALES: “MERE EXPOSURE” AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Stang, D. J. (1977) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1977.5.2.329 · Cited by 3
Personality Differences in the Relationship Between Familiarity and Liking
Martindale, C. (1972) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1972.9916926 · Cited by 2
Effects of Perceived Novelty on Approach-Avoidance Behavior of Young Children
Jeanrenaud, C. Y., & Linford, A. G. (1969) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1969.29.2.491 · Cited by 2
Complexity, Incongruity, Pre-Exposure and the Familiarity Effect in Visual Selection
Lemond, L. C. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.46.1.99 · Cited by 2
Guessing Versus Judging After Mere Repeated Exposure
Vanbeselaere, N. (1977) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.608 · Cited by 2
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A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006) · Journal of personality and social psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751 · Cited by 9,708
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
“Bornstein and D'Agostino ( l992), pursuing a lead that came from Bornstein's (1 989) meta-analytic review, established that mere exposure effects are strongest when conditions reduce subjects' memory for the effect-producing exposures. Under these circumstances, it appears that increased perceptual fluency of a repeat…”
InfluentialNature and Operation of Attitudes
Ajzen, I. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27 · Cited by 4,321
“Affective Primacy It is well established that repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to increase linking for those stimuli even—and especially—when participants are unaware of having been exposed (see Bornstein 1989 for a review).”
BackgroundIndividual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,481
Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality
Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x · Cited by 3,885
“positive affect by means of what is known as “the mere exposure effect” ( Bornstein, 1989;”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bornstein, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Gettysburg College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- ORCID
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 265-289
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2051913671
- Cited by
- 1,970
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- exposure, affect, stimulus sensitivity, stimulus complexity, stimulus type, exposure duration, age of exposure, personality, advertising, phobia treatment
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