The DOI matches its Crossref record; 195 of the 195 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.
Abstract
L'auteur analyse les effets de variables methodologiques (type et complexite du stimulus, intervalle de presentation, temps d'exposition) et de variables subjectives (âge d'exposition, personnalite) sur la sensibilite du sujet aux stimulus de toutes sortes. Il conclut sur l'interet methodologique de sa recherche, ainsi que sur ses apports pratiques (publicite, traitement de la phobie)
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“In general, individuals prefer the familiar to the unknown because more risks are involved about the unknown [49,50].”
From Consumer Responses to Generative AI Chatbots Versus Search Engines for Product Evaluation (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Research in psychology has shown that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases preference for it even when listeners are unaware of the repetition (Zajonc 1968;Bornstein 1989)”
From The Algorithmic Flattening of Sound: Computational Evidence and Justice Implications of AI Music Homogenization (2026) · cites this paper as Bornstein 1989
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“…that had been read for content during an earlier part of the experiment were judged as more grammatically acceptable during a subsequent test phase, a finding that demonstrates an implicit memory or the “mere exposure” effect (Bornstein, 1989) for identically repeated natural language stimuli.”
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“2007; cf. Keysers & Gazzola 2006; van der Gaag et al. 2007). This internal simulation of emotions expressed by another is thought to be part of the brain’s mechanisms for empathy, giving an observer access to the subjective state of another by recruiting the observer’s own neural representations of that state (Preston…”
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“…is likely to increase affective commitment, based on findings that increasing physical proximity between people tends to increase identification and liking (Bornstein, 1989; Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950; Saegert, Swap, & Zajonc, 1973), as well as perspective taking (Parker & Axtell, 2001).”
BackgroundThe weighing of evidence and the determinants of confidence
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“A preference for average (and symmetric) faces could also be a by-product of their subjective familiarity and a preference for familiar stimuli (Bornstein 1989, Halberstadt et al. 2003, Langlois & Roggman 1990, Langlois et al. 1994, Light et al. 1981, Rhodes et al. 2001a, Zajonc 1968).”
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“Bornstein and D’Agostino (1992, 1994; Bornstein, 1989) later formalized the link between mere exposure and fluency.”
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“The best known example is the mere exposure effect identified by Zajonc (1968): Repeated exposure to an initially neutral stimulus, without any reinforcement, leads to a gradual increase in liking (for reviews, see Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 2000; for limiting conditions, see Bornstein, 1989).”
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“The repetitive exposure to smoking and cigarette brands through advertising likely creates positive affect by means of what is known as “the mere exposure effect” (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1980).”
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“…that the organism detects subtle changes in its own cognitive processes by affective feedback fits well with reports that manipulations such as mere exposure have the strongest influence on liking when target stimuli are novel and presented for relatively short durations ( Bornstein, 1989 ).”
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“In a mere exposure experiment that included a measure of “Boredom Proneness,” Bornstein et al. (1990) report that only participants who were not prone to boredom showed a significant mere exposure effect (i.”
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“Findings on topics as diverse as language development, child rearing, and educational attainment (Scarr, 1985), mere exposure and affect (Bornstein, 1989), and incest avoidance (Bixler, 1992) indicate that nature and nurture interact in a delicate ballet, often toward the same goal.”
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“His results have been frequently replicated in the social psychological literature (see Bornstein, 1989, for a recent review).”
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“If affective ratings tend to differentiate with repeated presentation, as in the mere exposure effect (Bornstein, 1989), then increased liking of N stimuli in N–”
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“Having frequent contact with out-group members may increase acceptance and liking via mere exposure (Bornstein, 1989).”
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“A meta-analysis by Bornstein (1989) of mere exposure research published between 1968 and 1987 included over 200 experiments examining the exposure-affect relationship. Unreinforced exposures were found to reliably enhance affect toward visual, auditory, gustatory, abstract, and social stimuli. Winkielman, Zajonc, and…”
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“In the latter case, the positive effect of repeated exposure may have been attenuated by the conscious, novelty seeking, ‘countercontrol’ mechanism (Bornstein, 1989).”
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“mere exposure effect observed in [49] attributing liking to familiarity.”
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“The same holds for a broad range of other robust phenomena discovered in psychology, for example, the phenomenon that people tend to prefer familiar stimuli to unfamiliar ones (i.e., the mere-exposure effect; Bornstein, 1989).”
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“A typical experiment shows that the subjects' reports about how much they like seeing an stimulus (e.g., a Chinese ideogram or a foreign language word) can be increased through repeated and brief previous exposures to the items (for a review see Bornstein, 1989).”
BackgroundIncorporating the Irrelevant: Anchors in Judgments of Belief and Value
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“Marketing research has consistently found that organizational familiarity generally has a positive impact on attitudes toward the organization (Aaker, 1996; Keller, 1993), while psychology research documents the positive impact of familiarity on affect and attitudes (Bornstein, 1989; Zajonc, 1968).”
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“There is some evidence suggesting that mere exposure effects and other forms of implicit learning are greater when the subject is unaware of being exposed (Bornstein 1989).”
BackgroundEffects of Brand Logo Complexity, Repetition, and Spacing on Processing Fluency and Judgment
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Low-Involvement Learning: Memory without Evaluation
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When less is more: Counterfactual thinking and satisfaction among Olympic medalists.
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Subliminal Mere Exposure: Specific, General, and Diffuse Effects
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A Conceptual and Theoretical Analysis of Evaluative Conditioning
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“For instance, research on the mere exposure effect has demonstrated that the repeated non-contingent presentations of a stimulus (i.e., repeatedly presenting the stimulus on its own) can change the liking of the stimulus (see Bornstein, 1989, for a review).”
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“The two-factor model of mere exposure effects, initially developed in Berlyne [6] and extended in Stang [65], provides strong insights as to why and how the mere exposure effect occurs [8].”
Psychometric measures of boredom: a review of the literature
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“Psychologists have long observed that repeated exposure to a stimulus results in an increase in positive affect (Bornstein 1989, Maslow 1937, Matlin 1971, Zajonc 1980, Zajonc and Helen 1982).”
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“Taken together, consistent with the literature previously discussed, it is proposed that there are three moderators of mere exposure effects to occur for product placements: first, the frequency of exposure (Bornstein 1989); second, the involvement in the plot (Winkielman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Dual-Process Perspective on Fluency-Based Aesthetics
Graf, L. K. M., & Landwehr, J. R. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868315574978 · Cited by 349
“…liking.3 Next, several studies also suggest inverted U-shaped relationships between processing fluency and aesthetic liking (e.g., Berlyne, 1970; Bornstein, Kale, & Cornell, 1990; Hekkert et al., 2003; Landwehr et al., 2013; Miller, 1976; Van den Bergh & Vrana, 1998; see also Bornstein, 1989).”
BackgroundThe Role of a Narrative's Emotional Flow in Promoting Persuasive Outcomes
Nabi, R. L., & Green, M. C. (2014) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.912585 · Cited by 361
“This repeated narrative consumption is the equivalent of multiple persuasive message exposure, which is known to enhance message effectiveness (Bornstein, 1989; Harrison, 1977).”
The Effectiveness of Online Shopping Characteristics and Well-Designed Websites on Satisfaction1
Luo, J., ba, B., & Zhang, H. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703501 · Cited by 338
“Indeed, consumers tend to avoid risk and exhibit preferences for the familiar rather than for the unknown (Bornstein 1989).”
BackgroundOf Frog Wines and Frowning Watches: Semantic Priming, Perceptual Fluency, and Brand Evaluation
Labroo, A. A., Dhar, R., & Schwarz, N. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/523290 · Cited by 317
Predecisional Distortion of Product Information
Russo, J. E., Meloy, M. G., & Medvec, V. H. (1998) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3152163 · Cited by 311
Advertising Repetition: A Meta-Analysis on Effective Frequency in Advertising
Schmidt, S., & Eisend, M. (2015) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2015.1018460 · Cited by 308
“Stimulus-reaction theories provide the basis for learning information consciously or subconsciously (Blythe 2013; Pavlov 2003).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bornstein, R. F.
- Affiliations
- Gettysburg College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- ORCID
- Bornstein, Robert F.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1989-09
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 265-289
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2051913671
- Cited by
- 1,970
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 95
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- exposure, affect, stimulus sensitivity, stimulus complexity, stimulus type, exposure duration, age of exposure, personality, advertising, phobia treatment
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