The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect.
Abstract
Is positive affect (PA) the bipolar opposite of, or is it independent of, negative affect (NA)? Previous analyses of this vexing question have generally labored under the false assumption that bipolarity predicts an invariant latent correlation between PA and NA. The predicted correlation varies with time frame, response format, and items selected to define PA and NA. The observed correlation also varies with errors inherent in measurement. When the actual predictions of a bipolar model are considered and error is taken into account, there is little evidence for independence of what were traditionally thought opposites. Bipolarity provides a parsimonious fit to existing data.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“One factor that has undoubtedly contributed to the poor characterization of PA’s role in smoking behavior and abstinence is that many EMA studies examining affect as a predictor of craving or smoking behavior subscribed to the circumplex model of emotion, which suggests that NA and PA are not independent factors of emotion and are, in fact, bipolar ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell & Carroll, 1999
In the citing paper
“In other words, these pilot data were not consistent with the circumplex model of emotion often utilized in EMA smoking studies which posits that NA and PA represent opposing ends of the same affective dimension (Russell, 1980; Russell & Carroll, 1999; Shiffman, 2013)”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Russell & Carroll, 1999
In the citing paper
“One alternative view, derived from studies of emotional language and supported by Russell and colleagues (Russell, 1980;Russell & Carroll, 1999), is that valence is a bipolar dimension bisected by intensity.Emotions are then distributed in a circle, or circumplex, around a neutral valence point and moderate intensity”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Russell & Carroll, 1999
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The Cognitive Structure of Emotions
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571299 · Cited by 6,208
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513 · Cited by 4,952
The Structure of Psychological Well-Being.
Mechanic, D., & Bradburn, N. M. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093340 · Cited by 4,925
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813 · Cited by 4,273
Review of personality and social psychology
Wheeler, L. S., & Shaver, P. R. (1980) · UMI Books on Demand · Cited by 3,593
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.4.668 · Cited by 2,648
Parducci, A., & Helson, H. (1965) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421107 · Cited by 2,493
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi‐sample study
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.248 · Cited by 9,297
TARGET ARTICLE: "Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence"
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01 · Cited by 7,154
Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.
Russell, J. A. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145 · Cited by 6,113
Self-citationNature and Operation of Attitudes
Ajzen, I. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27 · Cited by 4,321
The Meaning of Employee Engagement
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x · Cited by 3,675
Metadata
- Authors
- Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Russell, James A.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-30
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2062530052
- Cited by
- 1,481
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 90
- FWCI
- 55.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- positive affect, negative affect, bipolarity, bipolar model, affective states, measurement error, latent correlations, response format
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Humans, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
