Are there links between Alzheimer’s disease and ADHD? The efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists in controlling ADHD symptoms: A systematic review
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Abstract Background To assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of anti-Alzheimer agents (memantine, galantamine, rivastigmine, and donepezil) in controlling ADHD symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults. Methods Following the PRISMA guideline, clinical trials assessing the potency of anti-Alzheimer medications in managing ADHD symptoms were imported from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (until February 2023). Screening stages were conducted by two independent researchers. Two independent researchers also extracted data from clinical trials reporting the outcomes as the reduction in scores of ADHD questionnaires. The risk of bias within the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool, while the certainty of outcomes was evaluated based on the GRADE criteria. Results Of the initial 1597 studies, 11 studies were included. No studies were available for rivastigmine, and only a single study was conducted for galantamine. The results of the other two medications had a slight inconsistency. While both memantine and donepezil were reported to be effective in several studies, they were reported to be ineffective in some other studies. Side effects were mostly reduced appetite and headache. The tolerability of memantine, donepezil, and galantamine was all convincing. Conclusions While galantamine did not demonstrate a promising efficacy in ADHD, memantine and donepezil showed effectiveness. However, future studies are needed to confirm their efficacy in ADHD since there was some inconsistency.
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For moderate-to-severe AD dementia, a combination of memantine and donepezil is approved.
“For moderate-to-severe AD dementia, a combination of a glutamate regulator (memantine) and a cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil) is approved [127,128,129].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
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Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
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“Constipation, headache, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, increased frequency of bowel movements, dizziness, disorientation, and headaches are among the side effects [127–129].”
BackgroundAngelova, V. T., Stoyanov, B. P., & Simeonova, R. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29225314 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Khan, K. A., Esa, M., Kamal, Z., Ullah, B., Perry, G. L., Kamal, S., Ahmad, S., Hussain, H., Ullah, A., & Shafique, M. S. (2025) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/011570159x361867250313073624 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dezfouli, R. A., Hashemzadeh, S., & Mohammadzadeh, A. S. (2025) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-025-00993-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Abdi Dezfouli, R., Akbariforoud, S., & Esmaeilidezfouli, E.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
- Venue
- Middle East Current Psychiatry
- Published
- 2024-02-15
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2090-5408 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-5416
- OpenAlex
- W4392783664
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Middle East Current Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, memantine, donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, off-label drug use, children and adolescents, drug safety and efficacy
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