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Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing”
Abstract
A theoretical framework is outlined in which the key construct is the need for (nonspecific) cognitive closure. The need for closure is a desire for definite knowledge on some issue. It represents a dimension of stable individual differences as well as a situationally evocable state. The need for closure has widely ramifying consequences for social-cognitive phenomena at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and group levels of analysis. Those consequences derive from 2 general tendencies, those of urgency and performance. The urgency tendency represents an individual's inclination to attain closure as soon as possible, and the permanence tendency represents an individual's inclination to maintain it for as long as possible. Empirical evidence for present theory attests to diverse need for closure effects on fundamental social psychological phenomena, including impression formation, stereotyping, attribution, persuasion, group decision making, and language use in intergroup contexts.
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“the default mindset of most adults is a relatively inactive state where the past unduly influences the present (e.g., Hart et al., 2009; Kruglanski & Webster, 1996).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Kruglanski & Webster, 1996
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“When cognitive load or other mental pressures increase, deeply entrenched cultural influences are emphasized (Chiu, Morris, Hong, & Menon, 2000; Kruglanski & Webster, 1996).”
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Self-citationAgeing-related influences on personal need for structure
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“Consistent with this idea, some research on the related need for cognitive closure construct (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996) suggests that conditions that mimic ageing (e.g., reductions in resource availability via fatigue and time demands) heighten need, resulting in more emphasis on processing that…”
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“Kruglanski and Freund 1983) and to rely on cognitive shortcuts as a basis for making social judgments (Kruglanski and Webster 1996).”
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“These strategies tend to trade accuracy for speed by increasing motivations to seek early closure (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996), with resulting increases in primacy effects (Heaton & Kruglanski, 1991), increased reliance on stereotypes (van Knippenberg, et al., 1999), and increased use of…”
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“In addition, after the manipulation, choice task, and measure of purity concern, we measured need for closure (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996) and need for cognition (Cacioppo, Petty, & Kao, 1984) to explore whether the ideology conditions influenced these variables.”
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“For example, Kruglanski and Webster (1996) have argued that conditions that make the use of cognitive resources difficult, such as fatigue or time pressure, result in inaccuracies or biases in representational processes (e.g., less extensive processing) because of changes in motivation (e.g., an…”
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“In support for the assumed causal direction in which cognitive resources induce a need for closure, the obtained results echo prior findings involving the situational inductions of the need for closure through various constraints imposed on participants’ cognitive resources, namely time pressure, ambient noise, fatigu…”
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“NFC, as well as the decisiveness subcomponent, varies between individuals as well as within individuals across different tasks (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996).”
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“…for personal control is part of people’s more inclusive motivation to perceive order in the world (see also Janoff-Bulman, 1992; Krantz, 1998; Kruglanski & Webster, 1996; Lerner, 1980; Pittman, 1998, for the idea that perceiving the world as orderly and predictable is pivotal to human…”
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“…only to vary as a dimension of individual differences but also to rise in conditions that render information processing difficult or unpleasant, such as time pressure (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996), mental fatigue (Webster, Richter, & Kruglanski, 1996) and noise (Kruglanski, Webster, & Klem, 1993).”
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“People high in NFC tend to find ambiguity unpleasant and adhere to black-and-white, authoritarian and dogmatic beliefs (19).”
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“Similarly, Kruglanski and his colleagues found that stress often induces a need for closure that inhibits ideational fluency, a critical component of divergent thinking (e.g., Kruglanski & Webster, 1996).”
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Vertzberger, Y. Y. I. (1997) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00083 · Cited by 39
The Need for Closure and the Need for Structure: Interrelationships, Correlates, and Outcomes
Leone, C. T., Wallace, H. M., & Modglin, K. (1999) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989909599762 · Cited by 39
The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences
Gilovich, T. D., Vallone, R. P., & Tversky, A. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.035 · Cited by 39
The Motivational Underpinnings of Belief in God
Laurin, K., & Kay, A. C. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.02.004 · Cited by 38
Political Orientation and Ideological Inconsistencies: (Dis)comfort with Value Tradeoffs
Critcher, C. R., Huber, M., Ho, A. K., & Koleva, S. P. (2009) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-009-0096-1 · Cited by 38
“Individuals who are high on the need for cognitive closure are known to ‘‘seize and freeze’’ on initially encountered information (Kruglanski & Webster, 1996; Webster & Kruglanski, 1994).”
BackgroundBaldner, C., & Pierro, A. (2018) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0953-1 · Cited by 43
The Psychology of Lifestyle: Promoting Healthy Behaviour
Thirlaway, K., & Upton, D. (2009) · University of Canberra Research Portal · Cited by 38
Romance of leadership and management decision making
Felfe, J., & Petersen, L. (2006) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320600873076 · Cited by 38
“As has been shown in the research, people often fail to make appropriate use of information even when sufficient data is available and accept the risk of a suboptimal decision (e.g., Kruglanski & Webster, 1996 ).”
BackgroundEmotive health advertising and message resistance
Brown, S. L. (2001) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060108259655 · Cited by 38
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CLOSED AND OPEN MINDEDNESS, RATIONALITY, AND DEMOCRACY
Kruglanski, A. W., & Boyatzi, L. M. (2012) · Critical Review · doi:10.1080/08913811.2012.711023 · Cited by 45
Self-citationCreativity in Men and Women: Threat, Other-Interest, and Self-Assessment
Kemmelmeier, M., & Walton, A. P. (2016) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2016.1125266 · Cited by 38
“More generally, Kruglanski and his colleagues found that stress often induces a need for closure that inhibits ideational fluency, a critical component of creative thinking (e.g., Kruglanski & Webster, 1996).”
BackgroundWestaby, J. D. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00257.x · Cited by 38
Nonproportional Sampling and the Amplification of Correlations
Kareev, Y., & Fiedler, K. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01771.x · Cited by 37
Cristofaro, V. D., Pellegrini, V., Baldner, C., van Zomeren, M., Livi, S., & Pierro, A. (2019) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12620 · Cited by 43
Richter, M. M., Baeriswyl, E., & Roets, A. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01350.x · Cited by 37
Evolution of Entrepreneurial Judgment With Venture‐Specific Experience
Uygur, U., & Kim, S. (2016) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1222 · Cited by 40
Avoiding premature closure and reaching diagnostic accuracy: some key predictive factors
Krupat, E., Wormwood, J. B., Schwartzstein, R. M., & Richards, J. B. (2017) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13382 · Cited by 40
Empowerment as a Tool to Reduce Belief in Conspiracy Theories
van Prooijen, J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0030 · Cited by 37
Do as the Romans do: On the authoritarian roots of pseudoscience
Fasce, A., Adrián‐Ventura, J., & Avendaño, D. (2020) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662520935078 · Cited by 42
“, 2017) that motivates subjects to close their minds by ‘seizing’ on accommodating information and ‘freezing’ beliefs, thus becoming impervious to adverse data (Kruglanski and Webster, 1996).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- ORCID
- Kruglanski, Arie W.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1996-04
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 263-283
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W1994106556
- Cited by
- 2,379
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 135 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 88 · 2012: 108
- FWCI
- 80.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh052578-05, 5k05mh001213-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R01 MH 52578, KO5/MH01213)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Keywords
- need for closure, cognitive closure, impression formation, stereotyping, attribution, persuasion, group decision making, individual differences, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Decision Making, Humans, Intelligence, Language, Personality
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