The DOI matches its Crossref record; 246 of the 254 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
Abstract
Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent that rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, since moral values appear to be deeply-held, stable across time, and resistant to change 11 – 13 , a parallel literature on moral cognition makes a different prediction: insofar as punishment is a method of restoring justice following a moral violation, punitive preferences should be less susceptible to group influence.”
From Crowdsourcing punishment: Individuals reference group preferences to inform their own punitive decisions (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The behaviour of individuals living in communities is regulated by moral norms and values 158-162 .”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“Haidt [26], for example, has argued that quick, automatic processes drive moral judgment while reflective processes play a more ad hoc role.”
From Anthropomorphism in AI: hype and fallacy (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Research from social psychology suggests that when individuals encounter others who use fundamentally different moral philosophies to guide behavior, we tend to judge those others as immoral, rather than simply using a different moral perspective (Haidt, 2001(Haidt, , 2012)).”
From Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership (2019) · cites this paper as Haidt, 2001
In the citing paper
“Influential theories in psychology maintain that our moral sense is shaped by the social world (1)”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Most existing research takes a dyadic perspective to study the social transmission of morality; typically, one person (such as a child) is exposed to another's ideas (e.g., parent) through behavior or communication (1,2).”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“As noted, other research suggests that moral judgments are often based on moral intuitions or heuristics [1], leading to quick and simple judgments.”
From The Importance of Moral Construal: Moral versus Non-Moral Construal Elicits Faster, More Extreme, Universal Evaluations of the Same Actions (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, disgust also affects our moral judgment [38,40,42].”
From Fatal attraction: the intuitive appeal of GMO opposition (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“This caveat might have contributed to the similar results in the meta-analyses on moral cognition and on ToM (rather than on empathy), given that emotion processing is thought to play a paramount role in real-world moral cognition (Krebs 2008; Tangney et al. 2007; Haidt 2001).”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Haidt 2001
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The Social Construction of Reality
Rose, D. M., Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/323448 · Cited by 13,850
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things
Lakoff, G. P. (1987) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001 · Cited by 13,358
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · cited 7×
“To say that moral reasoning is a conscious process means that the process is intentional, effortful, and controllable and that the reasoner is aware that it is going on (Bargh, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Black, 1998, Neuronal plasticity and the developing brain., 31
- Chen, 1999, The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context., 73
- D'Andrade, 1984, Cultural meaning systems., 88
- Darwin, 1998, The descent of man.
- de Waal, 1982, Chimpanzee politics.
- Frijda, 1986, The emotions.
- Hare, 1993, Without conscience.
- Harrison, 1967, Ethical objectivism., Vols. 3-4, 71
- Huttenlocher, 1994, Synaptogenesis, synapse elimination, and neural plasticity in human cerebral cortex., Vol. 27, 35
- Kagan, 1984, The nature of the child.
- Kant, 1959, Foundation of the metaphysics of morals (L. W. Beck. Trans.).
- Kohlberg, 1969, Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization., 347
- Lapsley, 1996, Moral psychology.
- Margolis, 1987, Patterns, thinking, and cognition.
- Mednick, 1982, Biology and violence., 21
- Mischel, 1976, A cognitive social-learning approach to morality and self-regulation., 84
- Newcomb, 1943, Personality and social change: Attitude formation in a student community.
- Pavlov, 1927, Conditioned reflexes.
- Perkins, 1983, Difficulties in everyday reasoning., 177
- Premack, 1995, Origins of human social competence., 205
- Rozin, 2000, Disgust., 637
- Shweder, 1997, The "big three" of morality (autonomy, community, and divinity), and the "big three" explanations of suffering., 119
- Singer, 1994, Rethinking life and death.
- Solomon, 1993, The philosophy of emotions., 3
- Solomon, 1991, A terror management theory of social behavior., 93
- Williams, 1967, Rationalism., Vols. 7-8, 69
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 6,901–7,000 of 8,792
Perceiving the Moral Issue : Assessment and Promotion of Moral Sensitivity in Business
Schmocker, D. (2020) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-187711
Crowe, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653237.005
PERTINENCE OF A NEUROSCIENCE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CLASS IN ORDER TO RAISE GLOBAL CRISIS AWARENESS
VILLACIS, E. V., & Ayarza, C. (2020) · Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction · doi:10.14455/isec.res.2020.7(1).epe-08
Integrating Reason, Emotion, Subjectivity, Spirituality, and Neuroscience
Culham, T. E., & Lin, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44947-6_8
Crowe, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653237.007
Trounstine, J. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108555722.007
A Theory of Segregation by Design
Trounstine, J. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108555722.003
Knowledge Generation and Sustainable Development
Frank, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2_409-1
Crowe, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653237.004
Will, M. G., & Pies, I. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3351325
Toward an evolutionary-science based metaethics
Kiper, J. (2020) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2020.1787217
Book Review: Organizational Moral Learning: A Communication Approach
Scott, A. L. (2020) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0893318920950838
Bortolotti, L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863984.003.0002
The Significance of Epistemic Innocence
Bortolotti, L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863984.003.0007
The Longitudinal Impact Of Moral Injury On Combat Soldiers: A Narrative Inquiry Study
Gosling, D. (2020) · W&M Publish (College of William & Mary) · doi:10.25774/w4-2dhe-rs27
Bortolotti, L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863984.003.0004
Bortolotti, L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863984.003.0006
Bortolotti, L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198863984.003.0005
The Corruption of “Good People”
Feldman, Y. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316480328.010
Introduction: Order Without Leviathan
Raymond, G. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54012-8_1
Theoretical Foundations of Multilevel Selection Among Humans
Hertler, S. C., Peñaherrera‐Aguirre, M., & Figueredo, A. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49520-6_3
Social Media Ethics Section 1: Facebook, Twitter, and Google – Oh My!
Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.010
Neural and Cognitive Bases of Human Punishment Behavior
Ginther, M. R. (2017)
Whiting, D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54682-3_5
Segregation’s Negative Consequences
Trounstine, J. L. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108555722.008
Constructing the Collective Trauma of the 1990s
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.003.0005
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.003.0008
The New Russian Identity and the Burden of the Soviet Past
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.003.0004
Wright, J. C., Warren, M. T., & Snow, N. E. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190655136.003.0005
The White Knight and the Red Queen
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.003.0002
Strategies for Character Measurement
Wright, J. C., Warren, M. T., & Snow, N. E. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190655136.003.0006
Shared Mental Models of the Late Soviet Period
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.003.0003
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.003.0006
The Return of the “Soviet” through the “National” in Post-Soviet Russia
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.003.0001
Intention, Rationality, and Irrationality
Hartman, E. M. (2020) · Issues in business ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44089-3_3
Gandhian Nonviolence from the Perspective of the Psychology of Religion and Morality
Kool, V. K., & Agrawal, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56989-1_6
Delicate Deals: Moral Choice on the Margins
Sterri, A. B. (2020) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Book review: Jonathan Charteris-Black, Metaphors of Brexit: No Cherries on the Cake
Zhang, C., & Lin, Z. (2020) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/0957926520963272
Robbing a robber is not robbing
Dib‐Slamani, H., Grolleau, G., & Mzoughi, N. (2020) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2020.10.018
Can Moral Psychology Inform Moral Education? : Some Critical Perspectives
Norgren-Hansson, M., & Lindström, N. (2020)
Intuitions and Values: Re-assessing the classical arguments against quantitative hedonism
Lanius, D. (2020) · Kriterion – Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1515/krt-2020-340204
Sunar, D. G. (2020) · Istanbul Bilgi University · doi:10.47613/reflektif.2020.7
Bidwell, A. (2020) · Massey Research Online (Massey University)
Unities Within Conflict: Mapping Biology’s Relevance to Sociological Theory
Marshall, D. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316677452.019
Wagner, D. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik · doi:10.5771/1439-880x-2020-3-354
Nouveaux défis pour l’éthique en éducation à l’ère du numérique
Laflamme, D. (2020) · Éthique en éducation et en formation Les Dossiers du GREE · doi:10.7202/1073733ar
La percepción de daño intencional y su papel en los juicios morales condenatorios
Carrero, S., & Adolfo, G. (2020)
Pathological prediction: a top-down cause of organic disease
Walsh, E. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02972-x
Experimentally Induced Empathy Does Not Affect Monetarily Incentivized Dictator Game BehaviorPreprint
Lönnqvist, J.-E., & Walkowitz, G. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3140006
Antecedents and Antidotes for Ingredient Food Fears
Wansink, B. C., Tal, A., & Brumberg, A. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2013.04.113
Spencer, S. (2021)
Transhumanists’ Informational View of Being and Knowledge
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0007
Las razones detrás de la condena moral del suicidio. Una investigación empírica
Sierra, R., & Fernándo, D. (2020)
Utilitarian Commitments of Transhumanists and Their Sociopolitical Implications
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0005
Why We Should Reject Transhumanists’ Entire Lens on the Mind and Brain
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0003
Do Economists Need Virtues?Preprint
Lipka, D. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2459430
Assessing Transhumanist Advocacy of Cognitive Bioenhancement
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0002
Evaluating the Debate Thus Far over Moral Bioenhancement
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0004
Living Virtuously as a Regulative Ideal
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0008
Crowe, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653237.009
Actual problems of psychological science
(2019) · Science and Innovation Center Publishing House eBooks · doi:10.12731/978-5-6042232-1-5
Motivation in Skill and Virtue
Stichter, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108691970.004
Sinclair, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866107.003.0005
Mind-Independent Moral Truths and Categorical Moral Reasons
Sinclair, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866107.003.0008
Moral Disagreement and Reason-Giving
Sinclair, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866107.003.0004
The Subject Matter of Metaethics
Sinclair, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866107.003.0001
Practical Expressivist Strategies and Presumptive Arguments for Realism
Sinclair, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866107.003.0009
Robbing the Rich? 'Robin Hood' Fraud in the Securities MarketsPreprint
Wall, J. M., & Fogarty, T. J. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3220026
Mýty o prosociálnosti, výchove charakteru a etickej výchove
Brestovanský, M. (2021) · ORBIS SCHOLAE · doi:10.14712/23363177.2021.3
A cognitive science approach to bioethics
Rosenberg, N. (2021) · European Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1097/mej.0000000000000797
Situational actualization of moral attitudes of future pedagogue-psychologists
Гильманов, С. А. (2021) · Институт психологии Российской академии наук eBooks · doi:10.38098/univ.2020.55.72.042
Capítulo 8: Racionalidad, razonamiento y toma de decisiones políticas: un aporte interdisciplinarios
Castelain, T., Martínez, L. D. G., & Umaña, M. S. (2020) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Yetzer, A. M. (2017) · Digital Collections of Colorado (Colorado State University)
ORGANIZATION OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE PREDICTS UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR
Leister, A. G. (2015) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)
قضاوت و تصمیمگیری اخلاقی مبتنی بر روابط خودی و غیرخودی: یک مطالعه مروری نظام-مند
مهدیزاده, م., خسروی, ز., نوعپرست, خ. ب., & صبرآمیز, ا. (2021) · Advances in Cognitive Science · doi:10.30514/icss.23.1.35
Impact of Gruesome Photographic Evidence on Legal Decisions: A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Grady, R. H., Reiser, L., Garcia, R. J., Koeu, C., & Scurich, N. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3120747
Neuroethics and the Future of Cyberpsychology
Parsons, T. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108553384.005
Intuitive and Reflective Cognition, Optimal and Costly Religion
Maiden, B. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108767972.001
Hameed, F., & Siddiqui, D. A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3757834
Bias at the Surface or the Core? A Comment on the Psychology of the Trial Judge
Aharoni, E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623056.010
Conclusion and Theory Building
Vila‐Henninger, L. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51716-8_9
Siddiqui, D. A., & Maira, M. U. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3755248
Pfaff, S. J., & Hechter, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108149853.008
The role of intuitive moral foundations in Britain’s Brexit votePreprint
Harper, C. A., & Hogue, T. E. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3ch9v
General Policy Disagreement and Broadly Targeted Court-Curbing
Bartels, B. L., & Johnston, C. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316979754.004
Ritual and Cognition in Leviticus 16 and the Day of Atonement Ritual
Maiden, B. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108767972.006
Rethinking the Popular–Official Religion Dichotomy
Maiden, B. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108767972.002
McMullin, I. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108617260.007
Coherentism in moral epistemology: moral science or elaborate intuitionism?
Stainer, T. G. D. (2020) · Radar (Oxford Brookes University) · doi:10.24384/4bb7-rr15
Du, X. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/sj8rt
The Guardians of Judicial Independence
Bartels, B. L., & Johnston, C. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316979754.001
Stein, D. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90239-7.00009-2
Culture, Cognition, and Social Exchange: A Classic Case Study of Social Negotiation Network DynamicsPreprint
Stolte, J. F. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/srknv
Monroe, A. E., & Plant, E. A. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q8y45
The Situationist Critique of Virtue
Stichter, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108691970.006
Behavioural and Cultural Epigenetics: Social Biologisms Refuted by Developments in Biology
Marchesini, R., & Celentano, M. (2021) · Numanities - arts and humanities in progress · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74203-4_9
Crowe, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653237.014
Lopes, G., & Stancioli, B. (2021) · ethic - An international Journal for Moral Phylosophy · doi:10.5007/1677-2954.2021.e80030
Metadata
- Authors
- Haidt, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haidt, Jonathan
- ORCID
- Haidt, Jonathan
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 814-834
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2123791568
- Semantic Scholar
- b74e8da297574fd071d4b48b7aa94ea16861aea6
- Cited by
- 8,048
- References
- 254
- Citations by year
- 2026: 365 · 2025: 479 · 2024: 360 · 2023: 447 · 2022: 497 · 2021: 468 · 2020: 535 · 2019: 511 · 2018: 405 · 2017: 401 · 2016: 408 · 2015: 416 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 433 · 2012: 369
- FWCI
- 16.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03da012606-01)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1-RO3-DA12606-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Keywords
- moral judgment, moral reasoning, social intuitionism, moral intuitions, automated assessment, evolutionary psychology of morality
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Humans, Morals, Problem Solving, Social Perception, Social Values, Intuition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
