The DOI matches its Crossref record; 246 of the 254 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
Abstract
Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent that rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, since moral values appear to be deeply-held, stable across time, and resistant to change 11 – 13 , a parallel literature on moral cognition makes a different prediction: insofar as punishment is a method of restoring justice following a moral violation, punitive preferences should be less susceptible to group influence.”
From Crowdsourcing punishment: Individuals reference group preferences to inform their own punitive decisions (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The behaviour of individuals living in communities is regulated by moral norms and values 158-162 .”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“Haidt [26], for example, has argued that quick, automatic processes drive moral judgment while reflective processes play a more ad hoc role.”
From Anthropomorphism in AI: hype and fallacy (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Research from social psychology suggests that when individuals encounter others who use fundamentally different moral philosophies to guide behavior, we tend to judge those others as immoral, rather than simply using a different moral perspective (Haidt, 2001(Haidt, , 2012)).”
From Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership (2019) · cites this paper as Haidt, 2001
In the citing paper
“Influential theories in psychology maintain that our moral sense is shaped by the social world (1)”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Most existing research takes a dyadic perspective to study the social transmission of morality; typically, one person (such as a child) is exposed to another's ideas (e.g., parent) through behavior or communication (1,2).”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“As noted, other research suggests that moral judgments are often based on moral intuitions or heuristics [1], leading to quick and simple judgments.”
From The Importance of Moral Construal: Moral versus Non-Moral Construal Elicits Faster, More Extreme, Universal Evaluations of the Same Actions (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, disgust also affects our moral judgment [38,40,42].”
From Fatal attraction: the intuitive appeal of GMO opposition (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“This caveat might have contributed to the similar results in the meta-analyses on moral cognition and on ToM (rather than on empathy), given that emotion processing is thought to play a paramount role in real-world moral cognition (Krebs 2008; Tangney et al. 2007; Haidt 2001).”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Haidt 2001
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The Social Construction of Reality
Rose, D. M., Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/323448 · Cited by 13,850
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things
Lakoff, G. P. (1987) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001 · Cited by 13,358
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · cited 7×
“To say that moral reasoning is a conscious process means that the process is intentional, effortful, and controllable and that the reasoner is aware that it is going on (Bargh, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Black, 1998, Neuronal plasticity and the developing brain., 31
- Chen, 1999, The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context., 73
- D'Andrade, 1984, Cultural meaning systems., 88
- Darwin, 1998, The descent of man.
- de Waal, 1982, Chimpanzee politics.
- Frijda, 1986, The emotions.
- Hare, 1993, Without conscience.
- Harrison, 1967, Ethical objectivism., Vols. 3-4, 71
- Huttenlocher, 1994, Synaptogenesis, synapse elimination, and neural plasticity in human cerebral cortex., Vol. 27, 35
- Kagan, 1984, The nature of the child.
- Kant, 1959, Foundation of the metaphysics of morals (L. W. Beck. Trans.).
- Kohlberg, 1969, Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization., 347
- Lapsley, 1996, Moral psychology.
- Margolis, 1987, Patterns, thinking, and cognition.
- Mednick, 1982, Biology and violence., 21
- Mischel, 1976, A cognitive social-learning approach to morality and self-regulation., 84
- Newcomb, 1943, Personality and social change: Attitude formation in a student community.
- Pavlov, 1927, Conditioned reflexes.
- Perkins, 1983, Difficulties in everyday reasoning., 177
- Premack, 1995, Origins of human social competence., 205
- Rozin, 2000, Disgust., 637
- Shweder, 1997, The "big three" of morality (autonomy, community, and divinity), and the "big three" explanations of suffering., 119
- Singer, 1994, Rethinking life and death.
- Solomon, 1993, The philosophy of emotions., 3
- Solomon, 1991, A terror management theory of social behavior., 93
- Williams, 1967, Rationalism., Vols. 7-8, 69
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 7,201–7,300 of 8,792
Załuski, W. (2009) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781781953075.00012
La competencia moral de los concejales españoles
García, P. H. (2021) · UVaDOC UVaDOC University of Valladolid Documentary Repository (University of Valladolid) · doi:10.35376/10324/52013
Sirgiovanni, E. (2022) · Lebenswelt Aesthetics and philosophy of experience · doi:10.54103/2240-9599/17057
Gündelik Ahlaka Kuramsal Bakışlar: "Durun Ben Size Bir Hikaye Anlatayım"
Cesur, S. (2022) · Istanbul Bilgi University · doi:10.47613/reflektif.2022.54
Kana, R. K. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1834
Teehan, J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444320695.biblio
GREENE, B. R. (2021) · Flammarion eBooks · doi:10.3917/flam.green.2021.01.0417
Social Cognition and Moral Evaluation in Early Human Childhood
Falck, A., Strickland, B., & Jacob, P. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108399838.016
Potential Solutions for Accessing Abstract Concepts in Embodied Theories of Cognition
Chen, Y., Wu, Y., & Wang, K. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.211220.406
Neurobiology, Morality, and Agency
Jotterand, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9693-0_4
Pellegrino, S. B., Blackmon, J. E., & Cruess, D. G. (2022) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn27.1.59
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0004
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0007
van Doorn, M. (2022) · Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte · doi:10.5117/antw2022.1.004.door
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0010
Research Progress of Moral Judgment in the Elderly
罗, 靖. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.123086
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0012
How Do Unethical Consumers Judge Unethical Consumption?Preprint
Schaefer, U., Wei, S., Jia, M., Ahmadi, I., & Habel, J. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4067315
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0011
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0005
Umut, E., & Özer, Ö. (2022) · Journal of Business Research - Turk · doi:10.20491/isarder.2022.1369
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0006
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0009
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0008
“Evildoers”: Who (or What) Earns the Title?
Burris, C. T. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197637180.003.0002
Kumar, V., & Campbell, R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197600122.003.0003
Narrative Praktiken in sozialen personenbezogenen Dienstleistungsorganisationen
Klatetzki, T. (2022) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666407932.312
Reframing Psychological Theories of Morality
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0010
Why We Are Not Selfish by Nature
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0004
Psychological Accounts of Morality
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0009
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0014
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0003
Psychological Sources of Altruism and Loyalty
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0017
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0002
Primate Morality and the Evolution of Moral Norms
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0007
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0018
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0001
The Cultural Evolution of Morality
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0008
Biological Sources of Altruism
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0016
The Emergence of Morality Through Strategic Interaction
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0006
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0015
The Evolution of Complex Moral Strategies and Maladaptive Mistakes
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0005
Baltazar, N. G. N. (2021) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.149441
Machuca, D. E. (2022) · Synthese Library/Synthese library · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91210-9_8
Gjo, N. (2022) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.19480685
Human Nature and the Nature of Morality
Krebs, D. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197629482.003.0019
Keown, K. (2008) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16945342
Screen Stories as “Imaginative Ecology”
Plantinga, C. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119677154.ch5
Psychological and Societal Factors of Decision Making in a Transport ContextPreprint
Najmi, A., Nair, D. J., Waller, S. T., & Rashidi, T. H. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4049761
Socratic Questions and Aristotelian Answers: A Virtue-Based Approach to Business Ethics
Hartman, E. M. (2022) · Issues in business ethics · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2111-8_4
Concepts of Divine Action for a Theistic Approach to Psychology
Melling, B. S. (2013) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University)
Grodal, T. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371314.003.0003
Gibbs, J. C. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190878214.003.0001
Haas, I. J. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0178
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0001
Krebs, D. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0559
Tétreault, Y. (2010) · Les ateliers de l éthique · doi:10.7202/1044416ar
McKeever, S. D., & Ridge, M. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0199290652.003.0004
Bartels, B. L., & Johnston, C. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316979754.010
Descriptive Ethical Decision‐Making Models
Schwartz, M. S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118393390.app2
Ross, A. A. G. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0173
Joshua D. Greene THE SECRET JOKE OF KANT’S SOUL
(2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203723746-80
Vila‐Henninger, L. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51716-8_1
Virtue and Sustainable Behavior
(2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190919818.003.0001
Palmer, D. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573592.003.0006
Medvecky, F., & Leach, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32116-1_12
Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/0195187725.003.0008
Shermer, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108779395.029
Reas, H. E., Verdi, E. K., & Erickson, T. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1736
Pléh, C., Kürthy, M., Maráz, A., & Fekete, G. (2014) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/mpszle.69.2014.2.7
Lycan, W. G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198829720.003.0010
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405905-4.00024-5
Sinclair, N. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866107.003.0010
Reas, H. E., Verdi, E. K., & Erickson, T. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1736-1
Pfaff, S. J., & Hechter, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108149853.015
Jensen, L. A., Pandya, N., & McKenzie, J. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0037
Moral Intuition Is a Virtue, Sometimes
Sadler‐Smith, E. (2017) · International handbooks in business ethics · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6510-8_131
Принятие неопределенности и макиавеллизм в регуляции морального выбора
Chigrinova, I. A. (2010) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v3i13.892
Walsh, E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_650-1
Stigmatisierung von Menschen mit einer psychischen Erkrankung
Wallner, J. (2020) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58685-3_62-2
Johnson, J. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2169-1
Brazil, K. J., & Whittingham, L. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3193
The Relationship between Emotion and Moral Judgment
戴, 婷. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.911228
Stichter, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108691970.007
Moral Support: How Moral Values Shape Foreign Policy Attitudes
Kertzer, J. D. (2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim290070029
Šamánková, D., Preiss, M., & Příhodová, T. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89536-9_3
Hohman, Z. P., & Ellis, B. J. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0025
PRINZ, J. J. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571543.003.0003
Dret, O. D. B. I. (2021) · Revista de Bioética y Derecho · doi:10.1344/rbd2021.52.35475
redaktor), R. O. (. (2020) · Edukácia · doi:10.33542/edu2021-1-0
Kalshoven, K., & Jansen, P. G. W. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_56-1
McMullin, I. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108617260.013
Grodal, T. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371314.003.0013
Willockx, Z. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_441-1
Gilbert, P. (2004) · Medicine · doi:10.1383/medc.32.8.67.43173
(2007) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203932070.bmatt
Ethical Decision-Making: An Applied Structure Addressing Ethical Challenges
Freel, D. E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_2375
Yamamoto, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2327-1
Metadata
- Authors
- Haidt, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haidt, Jonathan
- ORCID
- Haidt, Jonathan
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 814-834
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2123791568
- Semantic Scholar
- b74e8da297574fd071d4b48b7aa94ea16861aea6
- Cited by
- 8,048
- References
- 254
- Citations by year
- 2026: 365 · 2025: 479 · 2024: 360 · 2023: 447 · 2022: 497 · 2021: 468 · 2020: 535 · 2019: 511 · 2018: 405 · 2017: 401 · 2016: 408 · 2015: 416 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 433 · 2012: 369
- FWCI
- 16.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03da012606-01)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1-RO3-DA12606-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Keywords
- moral judgment, moral reasoning, social intuitionism, moral intuitions, automated assessment, evolutionary psychology of morality
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Humans, Morals, Problem Solving, Social Perception, Social Values, Intuition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
