Cited by 5,019Cultural Differences and ValuesSocial and Intergroup PsychologySocial Representations and Identity

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 127 of the 128 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.

Triandis, Harry C.·1989·Psychological Review

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Three aspects of the self(private, public, collective) with different probabilities in different kinds of social environments were sampled. Three dimensions of cultural variation (individualism--collectivism, tightness-looseness, cultural complexity) are discussed in relation to the sampling of these three aspects of the self. The more complex the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the public and private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. The more individualistic the culture, the more frequent the sampling of the private self and the less frequent the sampling of the collective self. Collectivism, external threat, competition with outgroups, and common fate increase the sampling of the collective self. Cultural homogeneity results in tightness and in the sampling of the collective self. The article outlines theoretical links among aspects of the environment, childrearing patterns, and cultural patterns, which are linked to differential sampling of aspects of the self. Such sampling has implications for social behavior. Empirical investigations of some of these links are reviewed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506

Cites

127 of 127 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The Interpretation of Cultures
Dadze-Arthur, A. F. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912128310 · Cited by 16,510
Mind, Self, and Society
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect.
Higgins, E. T. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.3.319 · Cited by 7,219
The Social Psychology of Groups
Kenkel, W. F., Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709294 · Cited by 5,899
Untitled work
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872
Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life
Steidlmeier, P., Bellah, R. Ν., Madsen, R. P., Swindler, A., Sullivan, W. M., & Tipton, S. M. (1986) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.2307/3511439 · Cited by 5,061
Human Nature and the Social Order
Cooley, C. H. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203789513 · Cited by 4,847
Handbook of Social Cognition
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211

Show all 128 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,019

Perceived cultural importance and actual self-importance of values in cultural identification.
Wan, C., Chiu, C., Tam, K., Lee, S.-L., Lau, I. Y., & Peng, S. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.337 · Cited by 198
Cross-cultural industrial organizational psychology and organizational behavior: A hundred-year journey.
Gelfand, M. J., Aycan, Z., Erez, M., & Leung, K. Y. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000186 · Cited by 227
Collective Identity: Group Membership and Self‐Conception
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470998458.ch18 · Cited by 196
Information technology to support informal knowledge sharing
Davison, R. M., Ou, C. X., & Martinsons, M. G. (2012) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2575.2012.00400.x · Cited by 197
The Effect of Group Membership Salience on the Avoidance of Negative Outcomes: Implications for Social and Consumer Decisions
Briley, D. A., & Wyer, R. S. (2002) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/344426 · Cited by 196
The development of personal autonomy throughout cultures
Helwig, C. C. (2006) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.06.009 · Cited by 208
Attack, disapproval, or withdrawal? The role of honour in anger and shame responses to being insulted
Mosquera, P. M. R., Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S. R., & Zaalberg, R. (2008) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701822272 · Cited by 208
Similar Personality Patterns Are Associated with Empathy in Four Different Countries
Melchers, M., Li, M., Haas, B. W., Reuter, M., Bischoff, L., & Montag, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00290 · Cited by 193
Cultural Contingency in the Cognitive Model of Entrepreneurial Intention
Siu, W., & Lo, E. S.-C. (2011) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00462.x · Cited by 192
Online Consumer Trust
Tan, F. B., & Sutherland, P. (2004) · Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations · doi:10.4018/jeco.2004070103 · Cited by 194
Cultural identities and cultural congruency: a new model for evaluating mental distress in immigrants
Bhugra, D. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00454.x · Cited by 191
Exposing Pay Secrecy
Colella, A. J., Paetzold, R. L., Zardkoohi, A., & Wesson, M. J. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.23463701 · Cited by 190
Exploring the East-West Divide in Prevalence of Affective Disorder: A Case for Cultural Differences in Coping With Negative Emotion
Vaus, J. D., Hornsey, M. J., Kuppens, P., & Bastian, B. B. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317736222 · Cited by 198
Bringing culture to basic psychological theory--Beyond individualism and collectivism: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002).
Miller, J. G. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.97 · Cited by 191
Playing Follow the Leader: Status-Determining Traits in Relation to Collective Efficacy across Cultures
Earley, P. C. (1999) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2863 · Cited by 190
Stepping through the drug use sequence: Longitudinal scalogram analysis of initiation and regular use.
Ellickson, P. L., Hays, R. D., & Bell, R. M. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.3.441 · Cited by 189
Relationship between social and personal identities: Segregation or integration.
Reid, A., & Deaux, K. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1084 · Cited by 189
Cross-National Work-Life Research
Ollier‐Malaterre, A., & Foucreault, A. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206316655873 · Cited by 194
Stepping through the drug use sequence: Longitudinal scalogram analysis of initiation and regular use.
Ellickson, P. L., Hays, R. D., & Bell, R. M. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.3.441 · Cited by 188
A cross‐cultural examination of relationship strength in B2B services
Barry, J. M., Dion, P. A., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876040810862868 · Cited by 195
Explaining cross-national differences in peer-directed aggression: A quantitative synthesis
Bergeron, N., & Schneider, B. H. (2005) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20049 · Cited by 188
How Far Can a Brand Stretch? Understanding the Role of Self-Construal
Ahluwalia, R. (2008) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.3.337 · Cited by 187
Race, Ethnicity, and Emerging Adulthood
Syed, M., & Mitchell, L. L. (2013) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696813480503 · Cited by 223
The Impact of Culture on Feedback-Seeking Behavior: An Integrated Model and Propositions
de Luque, M. S., & Sommer, S. M. (2000) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2000.3707736 · Cited by 256
Racial discrimination, the superwoman schema, and allostatic load: exploring an integrative stress‐coping model among African American women
Allen, A. M., Wang, Y., Chae, D. H., Price, M. M., Powell, W. A., Steed, T. C., Black, A. R., Dhabhar, F. S., Márquez-Magaña, L. M., & Woods‐Giscombé, C. L. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14188 · Cited by 211
Culture, personality, and psychopathology.
Lewis‐Fernández, R., & Kleinman, A. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.1.67 · Cited by 186
Life Domain Satisfactions as Predictors of Overall Life Satisfaction Among Workers: Evidence from Chile
Loewe, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Araya-Castillo, L., Thieme, C., & Batista‐Foguet, J. M. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0408-6 · Cited by 210
Pride in contemporary sport consumption: a marketing perspective
Decrop, A., & Derbaix, C. M. (2009) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-009-0167-8 · Cited by 191
Cultural psychology
Heine, S. J., & Ruby, M. B. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.7 · Cited by 185
Preferred Styles of Conflict Resolution
Gabrielidis, C., Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Pearson, V. M. S., & Villareal, L. (1997) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022197286002 · Cited by 185
Gender and Cross-Cultural Differences in Social Media Disclosures of Mental Illness
De Choudhury, M., Sharma, S. S., Logar, T., Eekhout, W., & Nielsen, R. C. (2017) · Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing · doi:10.1145/2998181.2998220 · Cited by 178
A multi‐level investigation of psychological contract breach and organizational identification through the lens of perceived organizational membership: Testing a moderated–mediated model
Epitropaki, O. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1793 · Cited by 184
The Parasite-Stress Theory of Values and Sociality
Thornhill, R., & Fincher, C. L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08040-6 · Cited by 187
The relationship of individualism–collectivism and self-construals to communication styles in India and the United States
Kapoor, S., Hughes, P. C., Baldwin, J. R., & Blue, J. (2003) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2003.08.002 · Cited by 183
Beyond Affirmative Action
Barak, M. E. M. (1999) · Administration in Social Work · doi:10.1300/j147v23n03_04 · Cited by 183
The Impact of Culture and Individualism–Collectivism on the Creative Potential and Achievement of American and Chinese Adults
Zha, P., Walczyk, J. J., Griffith‐Ross, D. A., Tobacyk, J., & Walczyk, D. (2006) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1803_10 · Cited by 182
Effective Leadership in Salient Groups: Revisiting Leader-Member Exchange Theory From the Perspective of the Social Identity Theory of Leadership
Hogg, M. A., Martin, R., Epitropaki, O., Mankad, A., Svensson, A., & Weeden, K. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204273098 · Cited by 183
Toward an explanation of cultural differences in in-group favoritism: The role of individual versus collective primacy.
Chen, Y.-R., Brockner, J., & Katz, T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1490 · Cited by 179
As Seen by the Other … : Perspectives on the Self in the Memories and Emotional Perceptions of Easterners and Westerners
Cohen, D., & Gunz, A. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00409 · Cited by 243
Employees’ Well‐being in Greater China: The Direct and Moderating Effects of General Self‐efficacy
Siu, O. L., Lu, C., & Spector, P. E. (2007) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00255.x · Cited by 181
The Impact of Individualism—Collectivism, Social Presence, and Group Diversity on Group Decision Making Under Majority Influence
Zhang, D., Lowry, P. B., Zhou, L., & Fu, X. (2007) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222230404 · Cited by 204
Acquiring and Applying Knowledge in Transnational Teams: The Roles of Cosmopolitans and Locals
Haas, M. R. (2006) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0187 · Cited by 180
Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies
Kemmelmeier, M., Burnstein, E., Krumov, K. D., Genkova, P., Kanagawa, C., Hirshberg, M. S., Erb, H., Wieczorkowska, G., & Noels, K. A. (2003) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022103034003005 · Cited by 180
A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Effects of Apology and Perspective Taking on Forgiveness
Takaku, S., Weiner, B. L., & Ohbuchi, K.-I. (2001) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x01020001007 · Cited by 181
Cultural Identity and Dynamic Construction of the Self: Collective Duties and Individual Rights in Chinese and American Cultures
Hong, Y., Ip, G. W.-M., Chiu, C., Morris, M. W., & Menon, T. (2001) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.19.3.251.21473 · Cited by 179
Drivers behind the monitoring effectiveness of global institutional investors: Evidence from earnings management
Kim, I., Miller, S., Wan, H., & Wang, B. (2016) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.06.006 · Cited by 179
Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood and in Adolescence
Scharf, M., Shulman, S., & Avigad-Spitz, L. (2005) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558404271133 · Cited by 178
Motivation theory in educational practice: Knowledge claims, challenges, and future directions.
Kaplan, A., Katz, I., & Flum, H. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13274-007 · Cited by 224
Cultural Differences in the Use of Strategies for Self-Regulated Learning
Purdie, N., & Hattie, J. (1996) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312033004845 · Cited by 177
Expanding the interpretive power of psychological science by attending to culture
Brady, L., Fryberg, S. A., & Shoda, Y. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1803526115 · Cited by 194
Tailoring Health Messages
Kreuter, M. W., Farrell, D. W., Brennan, L. K., & Olevitch, L. R. (1999) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410603319 · Cited by 180
Looking into the Future: A Match between Self-View and Temporal Distance
Spassova, G., & Lee, A. Y. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/669145 · Cited by 176
Relaxing Measurement Invariance in Cross-National Consumer Research Using a Hierarchical IRT Model
de Jong, M. G., Steenkamp, J. E. M., & Fox, J. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/518532 · Cited by 175
How Much Does National Culture Constrain Organizational Culture?
Gerhart, B. A. (2008) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2008.00117.x · Cited by 182
Motivating User-Generated Content with Performance Feedback: Evidence from Randomized Field Experiments
Huang, N., Burtch, G., Gu, B., Hong, Y., Liang, C., Wang, K., Fu, D., & Yang, B. (2018) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2017.2944 · Cited by 170
2. Is it lonely at the top?: The independence and interdependence of power holders
Lee, F., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2001) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(01)23003-2 · Cited by 174
Preferences don’t have to be personal: Expanding attitude theorizing with a cross-cultural perspective.
Riemer, H., Shavitt, S., Koo, M., & Markus, H. R. (2014) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0037666 · Cited by 174
Cultural variation: Considerations and implications.
Cohen, D. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.451 · Cited by 267
TARGET ARTICLE: The Nonobvious Social Psychology of Happiness
Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2005) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1604_04 · Cited by 191
Effects of Cultural Tightness and Collectivism on Self-Concept and Causal Attributions
Carpenter, S. (2000) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/106939710003400103 · Cited by 173
Examining gifting behavior on live streaming platforms: An identity-based motivation model
Li, R., Lu, Y., Ma, J., & Wang, W. (2020) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103406 · Cited by 183
Don't Stand So Close to Me
Holland, R. W., Roeder, U.-R., B.van, B. R., Brandt, A. C., & Hannover, B. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00658.x · Cited by 173
Latino healing: The integration of ethnic psychology into psychotherapy
Comas-Díaz, L. (2006) · Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.4.436 · Cited by 172
Cultural Styles of Conflict Management in Japanese and Americans: Passivity, Covertness, and Effectiveness of Strategies1
Ohbuchi, K., & Takahashi, Y. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01553.x · Cited by 172
Autobiographical Remembering as Cultural Practice: Understanding the Interplay between Memory, Self and Culture
Wang, Q., & Brockmeier, J. (2002) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x02008001618 · Cited by 174
A CONCEPTUAL RATIONALE FOR THE DOMAIN AND ATTRIBUTES OF BIODATA ITEMS
Mael, F. A. (1991) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00698.x · Cited by 174
Implicit Theories of Creativity Across Cultures
Paletz, S. B. F., & Peng, K. (2008) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022108315112 · Cited by 169
Dignity, face, and honor cultures: A study of negotiation strategy and outcomes in three cultures
Aslani, S., Ramirez‐Marin, J. Y., Brett, J. M., Yao, J., Semnani‐Azad, Z., Zhang, Z., Tinsley, C. H., Weingart, L. R., & Adair, W. L. (2016) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2095 · Cited by 183
Emotional complexity: Clarifying definitions and cultural correlates.
Grossmann, I., Huynh, A. C., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000084 · Cited by 185
Perceived collective continuity and social well‐being: exploring the connections
Sani, F., Bowe, M., & Herrera, M. (2007) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.461 · Cited by 168
Relations of Maternal Style and Child Self-Concept to Autobiographical Memories in Chinese, Chinese Immigrant, and European American 3-Year-Olds
Wang, Q. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00974.x · Cited by 168
Consumer Responses to Service Failures: A Resource Preference Model of Cultural Influences
Chan, H., & Wan, L. C. (2008) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jimk.16.1.72 · Cited by 173
A New Theoretical Model of Collectivistic Coping
Yeh, C. J., Arora, A. K., & Wu, K. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-26238-5_3 · Cited by 167
An Investigation of Gender Differences in Leadership Across Four Countries
Gibson, C. B. (1995) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490847 · Cited by 166
Others in mind: social origins of self-consciousness
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-7099 · Cited by 165
Cultural Discontinuity: Toward a Quantitative Investigation of a Major Hypothesis in Education
Tyler, K. M., Uqdah, A. L., Dillihunt, M. L., Beatty-Hazelbaker, R., Conner, T. W., Gadson, N., Henchy, A., Hughes, T. B., Mulder, S., Owens, E., et al. (2008) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x08321459 · Cited by 185
Self‐enhancement in Japan and America
Brown, J. D., & Kobayashi, C. (2002) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-839x.00101 · Cited by 168
Identiﬁcation in Work, War, Sports, and Religion: Contrasting the Beneﬁts and Risks
Mael, F. A., & Ashforth, B. E. (2001) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00154 · Cited by 166
Parent–child and triadic antecedents of children’s social competence: Cultural specificity, shared process.
Feldman, R., & Masalha, S. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017415 · Cited by 165
Social Media Use, Body Image, and Psychological Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Korea and the United States
Lee, H., Lee, H. E., Choi, J., Kim, J. H., & Han, H. L. (2014) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2014.904022 · Cited by 186
Cultural Tightness–Looseness and Perceptions of Effective Leadership
Aktaş, M., Gelfand, M. J., & Hanges, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022115606802 · Cited by 165
Better, Stronger, Faster: Self-Serving Judgment, Affect Regulation, and the Optimal Vigilance Hypothesis
Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00033.x · Cited by 172
Effects of users’ envy and shame on social comparison that occurs on social network services
Lim, M., & Yang, Y. K. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.013 · Cited by 174
Models of conflict resolution in Japanese, German, and American cultures.
Tinsley, C. H. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.316 · Cited by 163
Autonomy support in sport and exercise settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mossman, L. H., Slemp, G. R., Lewis, K. J., Colla, R. H., & O’Halloran, P. (2022) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2022.2031252 · Cited by 229
Procedural Justice and Culture
Lind, E. A., & Earley, P. C. (1992) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207599208246877 · Cited by 162
Ethics Programs in Global Businesses: Culture's Role in Managing Ethics
Weaver, G. R. (2001) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1023/a:1006475223493 · Cited by 171
The power of “we”: Effects of psychological collectivism on team performance over time.
Dierdorff, E. C., Bell, S. T., & Belohlav, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020929 · Cited by 165
Social networks and opportunity recognition: A cultural comparison between Taiwan and the United States
Ma, R., Huang, Y., & Shenkar, O. (2011) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.933 · Cited by 165
Wanting to maximize the positive and minimize the negative: Implications for mixed affective experience in American and Chinese contexts.
Sims, T. L., Tsai, J. L., Jiang, D., Wang, Y., Fung, H. H.-L., & Zhang, X. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039276 · Cited by 172
Self-identity and internal environmental locus of control: Comparing their influences on green purchase intentions in high-context versus low-context cultures
Patel, J. D., Trivedi, R. H., & Yagnik, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.102003 · Cited by 173
Work-Life Balance and Employees' Performance: The Mediating Role of Affective Commitment
Kim, H. (2014) · Global business and management research · Cited by 163
Social Dilemma Behavior of Individuals from Highly Individualist and Collectivist Cultures
Parks, C. D., & Vu, A. D. (1994) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002794038004006 · Cited by 163
Understanding the roles of cultural differences and socio-economic status in social media continuance intention
Hsu, M., Tien, S.-W., Lin, H., & Chang, C. (2015) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-01-2014-0007 · Cited by 171
Exploring servant leadership across cultures: comparative study in Australia and Indonesia
Pekerti, A., & Sendjaya, S. (2010) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585191003658920 · Cited by 166
Similarity attraction and actually selecting similar others: How cross‐societal differences in relational mobility affect interpersonal similarity in Japan and the USA
Schug, J. R., Yuki, M., Horikawa, H., & Takemura, K. N. (2009) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2009.01277.x · Cited by 170
Mothers' Parenting Cognitions in Cultures of Origin, Acculturating Cultures, and Cultures of Destination
Bornstein, M. H., & Cote, L. R. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00665.x · Cited by 162
The Cultural Foundation of Human Memory
Wang, Q. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-070920-023638 · Cited by 187
Tourism and identity‐related motivations: why am I here (and not there)?
Bond, N., & Falk, J. H. (2012) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.1886 · Cited by 163
Returning to the roots of culture: A review and re-conceptualisation of safety culture
Edwards, J. R. D., Davey, J. D., & Armstrong, K. A. (2013) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2013.01.004 · Cited by 161

Authors: Triandis, H. C.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Triandis, Harry C.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989-07
Volume: 96
Issue: 3
Pages: 506-520
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.506
OpenAlex: W2088861238
Cited by: 5,019
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 75 · 2025: 149 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 183 · 2020: 361 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 189 · 2017: 210 · 2016: 187 · 2015: 187 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 233 · 2012: 220
FWCI: 29.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
Keywords: self-concept, private self, public self, collective self, cultural variation, individualism-collectivism, cultural tightness-looseness, cultural complexity, external threats, intergroup competition, common fate, cultural homogeneity, social behavior

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks