The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex
Abstract
This theoretical model of emotion is based on research using the startle-probe methodology. It explains inconsistencies in probe studies of attention and fear conditioning and provides a new approach to emotional perception, imagery, and memory. Emotions are organized biphasically, as appetitive or aversive (defensive). Reflexes with the same valence as an ongoing emotional state are augmented; mismatched reflexes are inhibited. Thus, the startle response (an aversive reflex) is enhanced during a fear state and is diminished in a pleasant emotional context. This affect-startle effect is not determined by general arousal, simple attention, or probe modality. The effect is found when affects are prompted by pictures or memory images, changes appropriately with aversive conditioning, and may be dependent on right-hemisphere processing. Implications for clinical, neurophysiological, and basic research in emotion are outlined.
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“Humans and other animals ascribe valences to objects in the environment and responses to their valence are manifested in immediate approach and withdrawal to objects and persons [23], [24], [25].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“An increase of attention is usually followed by a short term HRD [41].”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“EDA is a sensitive and valid indicator for the low arousal range, reflecting small variations in response to arousing stimuli [40], while heart rate deceleration (HRD) is a valid real-time measure for the higher arousal range and attention.”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“The observed larger HRD during synchronous, as compared to asynchronous, IMS, might reflect an increase in attention [41] towards the other’s face.”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
Citations
Cites
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Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9 · Cited by 9,538
Self-citationCore affect and the psychological construction of emotion.
Russell, J. A. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145 · Cited by 6,113
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984
Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle
Higgins, E. T. (1998) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60381-0 · Cited by 3,511
Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188
Metadata
- Authors
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 377-395
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2021502766
- Cited by
- 2,205
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 113
- FWCI
- 12.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh041950-03, 5r01mh043975-12)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH41950, MH 43975, MH37757)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotions, startle response, attention, fear conditioning, emotional memory, emotional imagery, right hemisphere, emotion perception, emotional valence
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Attention, Blinking, Emotions, Humans, Reflex, Startle
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