The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex
Abstract
This theoretical model of emotion is based on research using the startle-probe methodology. It explains inconsistencies in probe studies of attention and fear conditioning and provides a new approach to emotional perception, imagery, and memory. Emotions are organized biphasically, as appetitive or aversive (defensive). Reflexes with the same valence as an ongoing emotional state are augmented; mismatched reflexes are inhibited. Thus, the startle response (an aversive reflex) is enhanced during a fear state and is diminished in a pleasant emotional context. This affect-startle effect is not determined by general arousal, simple attention, or probe modality. The effect is found when affects are prompted by pictures or memory images, changes appropriately with aversive conditioning, and may be dependent on right-hemisphere processing. Implications for clinical, neurophysiological, and basic research in emotion are outlined.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Humans and other animals ascribe valences to objects in the environment and responses to their valence are manifested in immediate approach and withdrawal to objects and persons [23], [24], [25].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“An increase of attention is usually followed by a short term HRD [41].”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“EDA is a sensitive and valid indicator for the low arousal range, reflecting small variations in response to arousing stimuli [40], while heart rate deceleration (HRD) is a valid real-time measure for the higher arousal range and attention.”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“The observed larger HRD during synchronous, as compared to asynchronous, IMS, might reflect an increase in attention [41] towards the other’s face.”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [41]
Citations
Cites
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) · Cited by 9,433
(1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,295
Rescorla, R. A. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,268
The Cognitive Structure of Emotions
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571299 · Cited by 6,208
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303
The Organization of Behavior; A Neuropsychological Theory.
Attneave, F., B., M., & Hebb, D. O. (1950) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1418888 · Cited by 5,146
Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory.
Black, A. H., & Prokasy, W. F. (1972) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · Cited by 4,449
Skinner, B. F., & Hull, C. L. (1944) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1416955 · Cited by 4,061
Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach
Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O'Connor, C. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1061 · Cited by 3,072
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9 · Cited by 9,538
Self-citationCore affect and the psychological construction of emotion.
Russell, J. A. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.1.145 · Cited by 6,113
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984
Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle
Higgins, E. T. (1998) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60381-0 · Cited by 3,511
Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190
Self-citationThe emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention.
Lang, P. J. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.50.5.372 · Cited by 2,876
Self-citationThe brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320
“…are both necessary and sufficient for predicting interpersonal dispositions (e.g., to affiliate or avoid; see e.g., Cacioppo et al. 1999; Gray 1994; Lang et al. 1990) and discrete emotional reactions (e.g., felt disgust vs. sympathy) towards others (see also, e.g., Fiske Commentary/Lindquist et…”
The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety
Davis, M. (1992) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033 · Cited by 2,357
Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224
Self-citationMauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D. (2009) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802204677 · Cited by 2,078
Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00044-7 · Cited by 1,900
Self-citationBarrett, L. F. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x · Cited by 1,859
Dalgleish, T. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1432 · Cited by 1,849
Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.401 · Cited by 1,870
Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications.
Carver, C. S., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0013965 · Cited by 1,862
Baas, M., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0012815 · Cited by 1,800
Solving the Emotion Paradox: Categorization and the Experience of Emotion
Barrett, L. F. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2 · Cited by 1,814
A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety.
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00063-1 · Cited by 1,642
Rethinking the Emotional Brain
LeDoux, J. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.004 · Cited by 1,594
“Themodern paradigmatic example of a generic reinforcement mechanism is the role of dopamine in the striatum as a reward prediction error signal (Schultz, 1997).”
Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience
Davidson, R. J. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379628 · Cited by 1,496
Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025002007 · Cited by 1,473
The face in the crowd revisited: A threat advantage with schematic stimuli.
Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.381 · Cited by 1,366
Koch, M. (1999) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00098-7 · Cited by 1,287
Pulvermüller, F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x9900182x · Cited by 1,284
Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience.
Davidson, R. J., Jackson, D. C., & Kalin, N. H. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.890 · Cited by 1,322
Beyond Bipolar Conceptualizations and Measures: The Case of Attitudes and Evaluative Space
Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2 · Cited by 1,306
The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style
Davidson, R. J., & Irwin, W. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01265-0 · Cited by 1,684
Remembering pictures: Pleasure and arousal in memory.
Bradley, M. M., Greenwald, M. K., Petry, M. C., & Lang, P. J. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.18.2.379 · Cited by 1,187
Self-citationFear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology
Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00343-8 · Cited by 1,162
Self-citationFunctional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis
MURPHY, F. C., NIMMO-SMITH, I., & LAWRENCE, A. D. (2003) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.3.207 · Cited by 1,135
Anxiety and affective style: role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Davidson, R. J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01328-2 · Cited by 1,170
The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear
Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S. (1999) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0 · Cited by 1,092
A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice.
Crandall, C. S., & Eshleman, A. K. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414 · Cited by 1,168
Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking.
Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R., & Paronis, C. A. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270 · Cited by 1,109
The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli
Zald, D. H. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00248-5 · Cited by 1,062
Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology.
Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.686 · Cited by 1,067
Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: brain mechanisms and psychophysiology
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00275-3 · Cited by 1,043
Self-citationBradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396.025 · Cited by 1,071
Self-citationEmotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies
Schupp, H. T., Flaisch, T., Stockburger, J., & Junghöfer, M. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56002-9 · Cited by 1,076
A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder.
Bouton, M. E., Mineka, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.1.4 · Cited by 1,017
Performance on Indirect Measures of Race Evaluation Predicts Amygdala Activation
Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562552 · Cited by 1,001
Emotion and the motivational brain
Lang, P. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.007 · Cited by 1,006
Self-citationCacioppo, J. T., & Gardner, W. L. (1999) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191 · Cited by 1,060
Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence
Siever, L. J. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111774 · Cited by 984
Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720204 · Cited by 966
Self-citationAn integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood
Mendl, M., Burman, O. H. P., & Paul, E. S. (2010) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0303 · Cited by 944
The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function.
Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839 · Cited by 1,217
The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition
Niedenthal, P. M., Wood, A., & Rychlowska, M. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315775845 · Cited by 934
From normal fear to pathological anxiety.
Rosen, J. B., & Schulkin, J. A. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.2.325 · Cited by 914
Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation.
Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1993) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.102.1.82 · Cited by 874
Self-citationApproach and Avoidance Motivation
Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009009018235 · Cited by 897
Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion
Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Bradley, M. M., Lang, P. J., Ahern, G. L., Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00070-5 · Cited by 830
Self-citationLonsdorf, T. B., Menz, M. M., Andreatta, M., Fullana, M. A., Golkar, A., Haaker, J., Heitland, I., Hermann, A., Kuhn, M., Kruse, O., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026 · Cited by 837
Optimizing assurance: The risk regulation system in relationships.
Murray, S., Holmes, J. G., & Collins, N. L. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.641 · Cited by 811
Larsen, J. T., Norris, C. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00078 · Cited by 766
Emotion and psychopathy: Startling new insights
Patrick, C. J. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02440.x · Cited by 757
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Sher, K. J., Grenard, J., Ames, S. L., & Stacy, A. W. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.09.021 · Cited by 734
Lang, A. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00283.x · Cited by 732
Avoidance of Information Technology Threats: A Theoretical Perspective1
Liang, H., & Xue, Y. (2009) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/20650279 · Cited by 733
AMIGOS: A Dataset for Affect, Personality and Mood Research on Individuals and Groups
Miranda-Correa, J. A., Abadi, M. K., Sebe, N., & Patras, I. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2884461 · Cited by 740
Neuroimaging Support for Discrete Neural Correlates of Basic Emotions: A Voxel-based Meta-analysis
Vytal, K., & Hamann, S. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21366 · Cited by 680
Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art
Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542 · Cited by 671
Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing
Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Hauk, O., Rockstroh, B. S., Elbert, T. R., & Lang, P. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3950641 · Cited by 678
Self-citationIntroducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS)
Kurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. R. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3 · Cited by 759
Emotional Effects Of Music: Production Rules
Scherer, K. R., & Zentner, M. R. (2001) · Music And Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192631886.003.0016 · Cited by 662
Negative Affects Deriving From the Behavioral Approach System.
Carver, C. S. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.3 · Cited by 691
Davidson, R. J. (1998) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577298000134 · Cited by 646
Approach-Motivated Positive Affect Reduces Breadth of Attention
Gable, P. A., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02112.x · Cited by 702
Psychobiologic Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Charney, D. S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820160064008 · Cited by 646
Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling
Lewis, M. D. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0500004x · Cited by 618
Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and nonemotional feelings.
Stepper, S., & Strack, F. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.211 · Cited by 662
Emotional Facilitation of Sensory Processing in the Visual Cortex
Schupp, H. T., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.01411 · Cited by 626
Ultrasonic vocalizations as indices of affective states in rats
Knutson, B., Burgdorf, J., & Panksepp, J. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.961 · Cited by 618
The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior
Blair, J. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00276-8 · Cited by 635
Neural systems involved in fear and anxiety measured with fear-potentiated startle.
Davis, M. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.8.741 · Cited by 611
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex
Salzman, C. D., & Fusi, S. (2010) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135256 · Cited by 628
Emotion words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage over neutral words
Kousta, S. T., Vinson, D., & Vigliocco, G. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007 · Cited by 635
Political Attitudes Vary with Physiological Traits
Oxley, D. R., Smith, K. B., Alford, J. R., Hibbing, M. V., Miller, J. L., Scalora, M. J., Hatemi, P., & Hibbing, J. R. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1157627 · Cited by 584
Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.247 · Cited by 611
Grillon, C., & Baas, J. M. P. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5 · Cited by 591
Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.652 · Cited by 574
Regulating the interpersonal self: Strategic self-regulation for coping with rejection sensitivity.
Ayduk, O., Mendoza-Denton, R., Mischel, W., Downey, G., Peake, P. K., & Rodriguez, M. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.776 · Cited by 669
Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention
Bradley, M. M., Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Fitzsimmons, J. R., King, W., & Desai, P. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.2.369 · Cited by 528
Self-citationNeuropsychological mechanisms of individual differences in emotion, personality, and arousal.
Heller, W. (1993) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.7.4.476 · Cited by 548
The acoustic startle response in rats—circuits mediating evocation, inhibition and potentiation
Koch, M., & Schnitzler, H. U. (1997) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)02296-1 · Cited by 521
The Addiction-Stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations.
Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.443 · Cited by 541
Siegel, E. H., Sands, M. K., Van den Noortgate, W., Condon, P., Chang, Y., Dy, J., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000128 · Cited by 515
The influence of affective factors on time perception
Angrilli, A., Cherubini, P., Pavese, A., & Manfredini, S. (1997) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205512 · Cited by 498
The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine
Davidson, R. J., Irwin, W., Anderle, M. J., & Kalin, N. H. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.64 · Cited by 487
Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology.
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11383-000 · Cited by 497
Amodio, D. M., Master, S. L., Yee, C. M., & Taylor, S. E. (2008) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00609.x · Cited by 463
Marcus, G. E. (2000) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.221 · Cited by 468
The Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion
LEVENSON, R. W. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379159 · Cited by 463
Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science
Kring, A. M., & Moran, E. K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn071 · Cited by 458
Emotions and respiratory patterns: review and critical analysis
Boiten, F. A., Frijda, N. H., & Wientjes, C. J. E. (1994) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(94)90027-2 · Cited by 462
Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context
Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42004-3 · Cited by 454
Anger and the behavioral approach system
Harmon-Jones, E. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00313-6 · Cited by 446
The measurement of drug craving
Sayette, M. A., Shiffman, S., Tiffany, S. T., Niaura, R. S., Martin, C. S., & Schadel, W. G. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.8.x · Cited by 684
Suppression and enhancement of emotional responses to unpleasant pictures
Jackson, D. C., Malmstadt, J. R., Larson, C. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3740515 · Cited by 459
Metadata
- Authors
- Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 377-395
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2021502766
- Cited by
- 2,205
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 113
- FWCI
- 12.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh041950-03, 5r01mh043975-12)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH41950, MH 43975, MH37757)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotions, startle response, attention, fear conditioning, emotional memory, emotional imagery, right hemisphere, emotion perception, emotional valence
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Attention, Blinking, Emotions, Humans, Reflex, Startle
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
