Cited by 1,201Sport Psychology and PerformanceMemory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Functions and Memory

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure?

Beilock, Sian L., Carr, Thomas H.·2001·Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Experiments 1-2 examined generic knowledge and episodic memories of putting in novice and expert golfers. Impoverished episodic recollection of specific putts among experts indicated that skilled putting is encoded in a procedural form that supports performance without the need for step-by-step attentional control. According to explicit monitoring theories of choking, such proceduralization makes putting vulnerable to decrements under pressure. Experiments 3-4 examined choking and the ability of training conditions to ameliorate it in putting and a nonproceduralized alphabet arithmetic skill analogous to mental arithmetic. Choking occurred in putting but not alphabet arithmetic. In putting, choking was unchanged by dual-task training but eliminated by self-consciousness training. These findings support explicit monitoring theories of choking and the popular but infrequently tested belief that attending to proceduralized skills hurts performance.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363 · Cited by 9,564 · cited 1×
“Why does the execution of a well-learned skill fail under pressure? Research investigating skill and expertise has produced a number of important findings regarding the variables that mediate optimal skill performance (Allard & Starkes, 1991; Anderson, 1982, 1987; Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993; Keele, 1986; Lo…”
Background
Attention and Effort
Egeth, H. E., & Kahneman, D. J. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421603 · Cited by 6,976
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
Categorization and Representation of Physics Problems by Experts and Novices*
Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2 · Cited by 5,248
Perception in chess
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2 · Cited by 4,479 · cited 3×
“To others, however, a problem will come immediately to mind: There is well-known evidence suggesting that expertise serves to enhance episodic recollection, not degrade it. For example, in their classic chess study, Chase and Simon (1973) found that chess masters were better able to recall briefly presented chess posi…”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Handbook of perception and human performance
Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L., & Thomas, J. P. (1986) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 4,033
Acquisition of cognitive skill
Anderson, J. R. (1982) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.4.369 · Cited by 3,663
Toward an instance theory of automatization.
Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466
Short-term retention of individual verbal items.
Peterson, L., & Peterson, M. J. (1959) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0049234 · Cited by 2,939

Show all 58 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

Anderson, 1993, Rules of mind.
10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0278-7393.10.2.181 · DOI
Fitts, 1967, Human performance.
Hirst, 1978, Divided attention., Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.), 1, 54
Jones, 1998, Classic instruction in golf.
Keele, 1986, Motor control., Vol. 2, 1
10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2014 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0278-7393.24.5.1091 · DOI
10.1037/0096-3445.115.2.118 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,000

Killing with Kindness: The Influence of Spectator Presence and Tone on Performance in Competitive Video Games
Beres, N. A., & Klarkowski, M. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3748598 · Cited by 1
“[4, 8, 63].”
Mindfulness music training as a buffer against music performance anxiety: Emotional regulation and technical precision in conservatory students
Li, Y. I., Samad, S., & Ramzan, M. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105992 · Cited by 1
Under the watchful eye: how the video assistant referee is reshaping match dynamics in elite football
Sun, Z., Xie, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., & Wang, H. (2025) · Journal of Decision System · doi:10.1080/12460125.2025.2599926 · Cited by 1
The Influence of Sport Expertise on Response and Cognitive Inhibition
Brimmell, J., Lee, N. A., & Spokes, M. (2026) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125261418880 · Cited by 1
Preparing youth athletes for pressure: Mixed-methods effects of pressure inurement training on resilience and performance
Omidvar, M. N., Moteshareie, E., & Farsi, A. (2026) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2026.2617243 · Cited by 1
Age-based stereotype threat: A scoping review of stereotype threat methodologies and their effects on physical performance
Deshayes, M., Clément-Guillotin, C., & Chalabaev, A. (2026) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2026.2631321 · Cited by 1
“The threat generated by negative stereotyping may trigger explicit monitoring processes (Beilock & Carr, 2001), by leading individuals to focus their attention on specific components of task execution.”
The characteristics of depression and sleep status among elite Chinese badminton athletes
Li, Q., Ma, H., Mu, Z., Yan, H., Imai, K., Hu, Y., Wu, W., Zeng, H., Zhou, X., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106564 · Cited by 1
Assessing the stability of tactical learning in youth footballers: the contribution of a metacognitive double-pass method
Acoumambo, D., Zoudji, B., & Belhouchet, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2026.1664983 · Cited by 1
Counteracting choking under pressure in sport: A meta-analysis of interventions
Zeng, Z., Yan, W., Mohammadi, A., Toumi, Z., Sun, H., & Soh, K. G. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103130 · Cited by 1
Knowing versus Doing: How Much Can Training Help People Soften the Blow of Social Rejection?
Okland, S., Freedman, G., & Beer, J. S. (2026) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672261439420 · Cited by 2
The impact of competition mechanisms on primary school students' digital game-based mathematics learning
Chen, Z., Huang, Q., Zheng, B., Mu, M., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., & Zhou, D. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107175 · Cited by 1
Attention and performance : when does choking under pressure occur and what is the debilitating source?
Reeves, J. L. (2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1
"Green with... shyness?" Moderators of the links between shyness and golf performance.
Kingsbury, A., Coplan, R. J., & Reichel, M. (2011) · Athletic insight: online journal of sport psychology · Cited by 1
Discovering Golf's Innermost Truths: A New Approach to Teaching the Game
Finn, J. (2010) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1260/1747-9541.5.s2.103 · Cited by 1
“Secondly, explicitly detailed augmented feedback about his swing would have led him to develop a movement pattern which would have been fragile to the effects of anxiety, and therefore not robust to the effects of competitive pressure [7-8].”
Investigating the Role of a Reduced-Instruction Approach in Implicit and Explicit Motor Learning Strategies
Fisher, K. M., Fisher, L. A., Huck, S. W., Whitney, J., & Hodges, C. R. (2014) · Cited by 1
Impact of self-consciousness on choking under pressure in basketball players.
Bakhshayesh, S. H., Nia, P., & Neisi, A. (2010) · Studies in physical Culture &Tourism · Cited by 1
8—Fractured Action—Choking in Sport and its Lessons for Excellence
Ilundáin‐Agurruza, J. (2014) · Sport Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511321.2015.1026631 · Cited by 1
Discovering Golf's Innermost Truths: A New Approach to Teaching the Game
MILTON, J. G. (2010) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1260/1747-9541.5.s2.115 · Cited by 1
“their skills can rapidly deteriorate under certain conditions [6-8].”
Delay Discounting and Pathological Gambling
Dixon, D. R., & Mark, R. E. (2008) · Analysis of gambling behavior · Cited by 1
Alone in the Crowd: I Failed the ABGC Certification Exam
Colón, C. (2015) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-015-9924-7 · Cited by 1
“Previous literature demonstrates that when college students feel performance pressure during activities such as golfing (Beilock & Carr 2001) and mathematical skill testing (Beilock et al. 2004), it increases their anxiety.”
Emotional Intelligence Methods Utilized by Successful Major League Baseball Closers to Perform Successfully in High Pressure Situations
Rosenthal, J. J. C. (2020) · Cited by 1
Mastering Self-Control
Clarkson, J. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108866613 · Cited by 1
“Staying on task — how the concept of skill-challenge balance provides a key element to the teaching of the Meisner technique”
Strandberg-Long, P. (2021) · Stanislavski Studies · doi:10.1080/20567790.2021.1969762 · Cited by 1
Is optimal performance really ‘mindless’?
Toner, J., Montero, B. G., & Moran, A. P. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198852261.003.0003 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Offloading Strategies and Decrements in Learning: Lessons from Aviation and Aerospace Crises
Kayes, D., & Yoon, J. (2022) · Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments · doi:10.7771/2327-2937.1146 · Cited by 4
Learning different task spaces: how explored density aligns the Quiet Eye
Klostermann, A., Reinbold, F., & Kredel, R. (2022) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-022-01090-5 · Cited by 1
Sportspiele – Leistungsfaktoren
Memmert, D., Büsch, D., Dicks, M., Furley, P., Gronwald, T., Hagemann, N., Loffing, F., Noël, B., & Plessner, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64695-3_19 · Cited by 1
Automatisierung der motorischen Kontrolle
Krause, D., & Blischke, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53410-6_62 · Cited by 1
You’ve Got Three Choices: Give in, Give up, or Give it All You’ve Got: Does Contest Heterogeneity Affect Effort in Individual Competitions?
Scholten, H. (2023) · Journal of Sports Economics · doi:10.1177/15270025231174617 · Cited by 1
Brittle virtue or bust: a new challenge to virtue-as-skill theories
Kilov, D. (2023) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-023-04306-z · Cited by 1
Reflections on the Power of Genetic Epistemology by the Modern Cognitive Psychologist
Matthews, P. G., & Viegut, A. A. (2024) · Research in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47386-9_15 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Competition Sounds on Balance Performance in Football Players
Tekin, E., Egesoy, H., & Ünver, F. (2024) · Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2420-1196 · Cited by 1
“In com - petitive environments, sounds can create a cognitive load by dis - tracting athletes, which in turn can affect motor performance [15].”
Choking under pressure: positive cues can mitigate choking in behavior inhibition and switching
Liu, Z., & Tang, R. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07098-8 · Cited by 1
“In contrast, the explicit monitoring theory argues that performance pressure causes individuals to concentrate more of their attention on task details and processes, potentially enhancing attentional control but interfering with automated behavioral processes (Beilock & Carr, 2001).”
The Development and Preliminary Validation of a Rhythmic Jumping Task for Coordination Assessment: A Task Design Based on Upper and Lower Limb Motor Congruency
Li, R., Miyazaki, T., Matsui, T., Gonno, M., Nomura, T., Morihara, T., Koda, H., & Kida, N. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10030261 · Cited by 1
“Frequent reversals in the movement direction also appear to increase the demands on selective attention and motor planning, thereby accumulating a cognitive load and compromising coordination [43,44].”
Gender and expertise affect visual search and performance in football penalty kicks
Meira, C. M., da Silva, B. C., Cortes, C. O., de Oliveira, D. L., & Massa, M. (2025) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-025-07201-w
“Psychologically, experts exhibit superior inhibitory control and reduced susceptibility to anxiety-induced attentional shifts (Beilock and Carr 2001; Vine et al. 2013), while physiologically, their neural efficiency - characterized by optimized activation in frontoparietal networks - supports…”
Math Performance in Stressful
Beilock, S. L. (2008) · Cited by 1
Self-citation
InPutter: an engineered putter for on-the-fly golf putting analysis
Couceiro, M. S., Araújo, A. G., & Pereira, S. C. (2015) · Sports Technology · doi:10.1080/19346182.2015.1064129 · Cited by 1
“In that sense, many authors, such as (Beilock & Carr, 2001) and (Singer, 2002), point out that the best golfers in the world train their psychological skills and new strategies of mental visualization (i.e. mental imagery).”
Background
Vrhunska sportska izvedba – nešto više od predane vježbe? Razmatranje uloge radnoga pamćenja
Glavaš, D. (2017) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.26.3.3 · Cited by 1
Memorization in trumpet pedagogy: A qualitative case study of its integration in the college-level applied studio
Reichenbach, B. W. (2017) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 1
Körper als Domäne impliziten und emotionalen Ausdrucks sportlichen Handelns
Amesberger, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22282-6_2 · Cited by 1
Mentale Leistungsphänomene im Sport
Klämpfl, M. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53407-6_50 · Cited by 1
Achtsamkeit und Achtsamkeitstraining
Staufenbiel, K., & Hill, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53407-6_34 · Cited by 1
Neuroscience of Cognitive Functions: From Theory to Applications
Seet, M. S., & Bezerianos, A. (2022) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_73-2 · Cited by 1
Choking Under Pressure
Mesagno, C., Ehrlenspiel, F., Wergin, V. V., & Gröpel, P. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197512494.003.0003 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness in elite athletes: conceptualisation, measurement, and application
Thienot, É. (2013) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 1
The unconscious and conscious foundations of human reward pursuit
Bijleveld, E. (2007) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
The impact of anxiety on perceptual-motor behaviour
Pijpers, J. R. (2002) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 1
The role of dispositional reinvestment in choking during decision-making tasks in sport
Kinrade, N. P. (2010) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 1
The Effects of Performance Incentives and Creativity Training on Creative Problem-Solving PerformancePreprint
Huo, K. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2644634 · Cited by 1
“Beilock and Carr (2005) tested and”
Rapid Development of a Mixed-Media, Deployable Counter-IED Trainer
Hays, M. J., Silva, T. M., Richmond, T., & Jensen, M. L. (2010) · Cited by 1
TEACHING THE UNKNOWABLE: DOES ANALOGY LEAD TO IMPLICIT SKILL ACQUISITION IN A DART-THROWING TASK?
Sylvester, M. J. (2007) · Cited by 1
Experts' active response selection and defenders’ delayed reactions in kendo matches
Okumura, M., & Yoshida, S. (2007) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.0451 · Cited by 1
Automaticity and Control in Human Action
Bermudez-Rey, J. P. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
The Effects of Attentional Focus Instructions on Simulated Upper Extremity Amputees’ Movement Kinematics When Learning a Novel Functional Task
McAlister, R. (2006) · Cited by 1
A Mediated-Moderation Model of Stereotype Threat and Performance Pressure Effects
Johnson, J. (2012) · Cited by 1
Discovering Golf's Innermost Truths: A New Approach to Teaching the Game
Lightbown, P. (2010) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1260/1747-9541.5.s2.77 · Cited by 1
“their skills can rapidly deteriorate under certain conditions [6-8].”
Background
Creating pressurised training environments in elite sport
Stoker, M. (2017) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00038 · Cited by 1
“Along these lines, most studies suggest that a novice’s performance is consistent or improved under self-focus (e.g., Beilock et al., 2002), while experts choke due to processing their well-learnt skill outside of working memory (Beilock & Carr, 2001; Gray, 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The Influence of Analogy Instructions on Motor Skills: Processing, Preference and Performance
van Duijn, T. (2018) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 1
Attachment and Performance Under Pressure on a Sport Motor Task
Blacker, M. (2018) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 1
The Effect of Internal vs. External Focus of Attention Instructions on Countermovement Jump Variables in NCAA Division I Baseball Players
Kershner, A. L. (2017) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 1
Attentional Focus Modulates Automatic Finger-tapping MovementsPreprint
Zhang, X., Jiang, X., Yuan, X., & Zheng, W. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.009142 · Cited by 1
Athletes' Perceptions of Pre-game Rituals in Open-skill Sports
Bonk, D. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
The Fear of Femininity: How Men's Motivation to Maintain Manhood Status Influences Performance
Everly, B. A. (2013) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
A Personal-Equilibria Model of InsecurityPreprint
Kőszegi, B., Loewenstein, G. F., & Murooka, T. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3965100 · Cited by 2
Personality in Sport and Exercise: A Motivational Perspective
Wegner, M., & Schattke, K. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2109 · Cited by 1
Coed Adolescent Soccer Players In A Competitive Learning Milieu: An Ethnographic Assessment Of Gender Attitudes, Perceptions And Sport Specific Component Testing
O’Donnell, F. (2004) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1
Schweigen ist Silber, Reden ist Gold? Die Rolle von Sprache als Determinante expliziten Wissens
Eichler, A. (2011) · Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln)
Choking Under Pressure: Environmental and Personality Variables
Ranney, D. (2007) · Digital Commons - Trinity University (Trinity University)
Der Einfluss von aufmerksamkeitslenkenden Instruktionen auf das Erlernen einer Schlagbewegung im Golf
Schlapkohl, N., Hohmann, T., Arnold, A., Philippen, P. B., & Raab, M. (2010) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-010-0119-y
Expectations of automaticity in beginning instrumental music educators
Peterson, A. D. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Instruktionen im Spitzensport: Leistungsverbesserung durch Analogien
Tielemann, N., & Raab, M. (2007)
An exploratory study of the meaning and experience of strategic decision-making for elite level golfers
Gnagy, E. (2012) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Choking Under Pressure on the PGA Tour
Friedman, M. (2013) · Scholarship @ Claremont (The Claremont Colleges)
En bild säger mer än tusen ord: En studie i hur tolkning av emotionella ansiktsuttryck påverkas av stereotyphot och stereotyplyft
Agvard, F. (2011) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
The relationship between hand-nearness, emotional arousal, and visual processing
Davoli, C. C. (2010) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7pz56xk
“This phenomenon has been glorified in professional sports, but readily applies to everyday life: Even when performing well-learned (and thus relatively automatic) tasks, some individuals seem to thrive in high-pressure situations, while others, as they say, “choke” (Beilock & Carr, 2001; 2005).”
Background
Interactions between global and local performance incentives on decision-making and categorization
Worthy, D. A. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
Lessons learnt from London 2012 and their application in Rio 2016: perspectives from athlete and performance consultant in fencing
Rhodes, J., & Honeybone, J. (2013) · Reflective Practice · doi:10.1080/14623943.2013.835722
“Beilock and Carr (2001) remarked: When individuals attempt to consciously control aspects of their performance that they normally execute automatically, this change in their performance routine often results in sub-par performance (Wallace, Baumeister & Vohs, 2005, p. 431).”
Background
Effects of Different Types of Attentional Focus on Dart Throwing Mechanics
Kim, H.-R., Kong, S., Kim, S., & Lee, K. (2013) · Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics · doi:10.5103/kjsb.2013.23.4.327
Reporte de Investigación: El Efecto de ser Observado Sobre el Rendimiento en una Tarea de Fluidez Verbal
Chaigneau, S. E., Arriaza, J., & Basualdo, M. (2006) · Psykhe (Santiago) · doi:10.4067/s0718-22282006000100011
IDENTIFYING THE VISUAL INFORMATION AND PROCESSES UNDERLYING EXPERT JUDGEMENTS OF DECEPTIVE INTENT
Barton, H. (2013) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)
Gender and personality differences in coping in sport
Kaiseler, M. (2010) · Leeds Beckett Repository (Leeds Beckett University)
Dispositional factors related to choking under pressure in sport
Melendres, L. T. (2011) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
The Effects of Prism Adaptation on Egocentric Metric Distance Estimation
Colombo, A. R., & Jones, K. S. (2013) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720813499021
“For example, putting accuracy degraded when participants consciously attended to their putting movements (Beilock & Carr, 2001; Beilock & Gonso, 2008), the accuracy of grasping movements degraded when they were based on participants’ memories of the to-be-grasped objects’ location (Hu & Goodale,…”
Background
Assessing Learning from a Mixed-Media, Mobile Counter-IED Trainer
Hays, M. J., Silva, T. M., & Richmond, T. (2011)
Conscious processing of a complex motor skill : an investigation into the automaticity paradigm of full golf swing execution
Rousseau, N. (2015) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Competitive State Anxiety and Performance among Malaysian Athletes from the view of Multidimensional Anxiety Theory
Parnabas, V. A., Mahamood, Y., & Ampofo‐Boateng, K. (2010)
ABSTRACT Behavioural Labour Economics: Advances and Future Directions 1Preprint
Dohmen, T. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal
Conceptuality of Unreflective Actions in Flow: McDowell-Dryfus Debate
Far, A. (2015) · GSTF Journal of General Philosophy · doi:10.7603/s40873-014-0003-3
Afektiivsete sooritustsoonide standardiseeritud määramise metoodika esmane valideerimine Eesti noorte- ja täiskasvanute koondise vibusportlastel
Varik, L. (2015) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu)
The impact of evaluative pressure and higher working memory capacity on sensorimotor skill performance.
Grant, L. D. (2015) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/honors/60
“Notably, the most support for this theory is found in the realm of academic performance (e.g., Beilock & Carr, 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
How to choose what to do? : essays on adoption of organisational routines
Banerjee, A. (2015) · City Research Online (City University London)
The Effects of Pressure on Strategy Selection for Decisions Made Under Uncertainty
Huffling, S. K. (2015)
Intelligence Testing and Treatment Planning with Children
Friedberg, R. D., & Pearl, A. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6452-5_6
The effects of a perceptual-motor training protocol on a cognitive distance estimation task
Hall, A. R. (2011) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University)
Effects of anxiety and exercise-induced fatigue on operational performance
Nibbeling, N. (2014) · TNO Repository
THE INFLUENCE OF CONSCIOUS CONTROL OF MOVEMENT ON BRAIN PROCESSES AND THE QUALITY OF COGNITIVE-MOTOR PERFORMANCE
Lo, L. (2015) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/m2dt6x
“…has been observed in diverse situations such as those involving public speaking or sports and games, and investigations of underlying mechanisms have become prevalent in the sport and exercise sciences (e.g., Baumeister, 1984; Baumeister & Showers, 1986; Beilock & Carr, 2001; Beilock & Gray, 2007).”
The role of skills and study behaviors in students of color who traditionally have low admissions rates to University of California
Armstrong, W. J. (2012) · California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace)
The Role of Attention in Motor Learning and Control
Lohse, K. R. (2012) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Coordination Dynamics in Redundant and Non-Redundant Motor Tasks
James, E. G. (2009)
Integrating piano technique, physiology, and motor learning: Strategies for performing the Chopin etudes
Lipke-Perry, T. (2008) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)

Authors: Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
ORCID: Beilock, Sian L.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 130
Issue: 4
Pages: 701-725
ISSN: 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
1939-2222
DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701
OpenAlex: W2151259821
Cited by: 1,201
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 58
FWCI: 16.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: choking under pressure, procedural memory, proceduralization, golf putting, episodic memory, dual-task training, mental arithmetic, attentional control
MeSH terms: Adult, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Psychomotor Performance, Stress, Psychological

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks