Escape from fear: A detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.

Cain, Christopher K.; LeDoux, Joseph E.

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.33.4.451

Cited by 72Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Escape from fear: A detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.

Cain, Christopher K., LeDoux, Joseph E.·2007·Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

DOI 10.1037/0097-7403.33.4.451

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Abstract

Escape from fear (EFF) is a controversial paradigm according to which animals learn to actively escape a fear-eliciting conditioned stimulus (CS) if the escape response (R-sub(e)) is paired with CS termination. Some theories posit that EFF learning is responsible for instrumental avoidance conditioning. However, EFF learning has typically been weaker than avoidance learning and difficult to reproduce. The authors examined EFF learning and memory with 2 atypical R-sub(e)s: rearing and nose-poking. The data suggest that rearing, but not nose-poking, can be learned as an instrumental EFF response. Further, EFF memory was response specific, aversively motivated, and controlled by the CS. Successful EFF learning also resulted in better long-term elimination of a passive fear reaction (freezing). Factors important for EFF experiments and theoretical considerations are discussed.

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Exercising behavioral control over aversive stimuli can persistently diminish learned threat responses in rodents.
“Studies in rodents suggest that exercising behavioral control over aversive stimuli can persistently diminish learned threat responses (Cain and LeDoux, 2007; Maier, 2015; LeDoux et al., 2017).”
From Active avoidance: Neural mechanisms and attenuation of pavlovian conditioned responding (2017) · cites this paper as Cain and LeDoux, 2007
Prior rodent research has demonstrated that behavioral control over an aversive stimulus reduces Pavlovian threat responses, even when control is no longer possible, and involves the vmPFC and striatum.
“Prior rodent research has demonstrated that behavioral control over an aversive stimulus reduces Pavlovian threat responses, even when control is no longer possible, and involves the vmPFC and striatum (Baratta et al., 2007; Cain and LeDoux, 2007; Moscarello and LeDoux, 2013; Ramirez et al., 2015).”
From Active avoidance: Neural mechanisms and attenuation of pavlovian conditioned responding (2017) · cites this paper as Cain and LeDoux, 2007

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MotivationWe thank A. E. Fink for producing the Predatory Imminence Continuum artwork in Figure . We would like to thank M. Tinsley for his contribution to the first edition of this chapter. We would like to thank Polar Bears Alive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, for the use of the polar bear photo, M. Domjan for the quail photo, K. Hollis for the pictures of the fish, and S. Crowley for the pictures of the rats.
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Authors: Cain, C. K., & LeDoux, J. E.
Affiliations: New York University (US)
ORCID: Cain, Christopher K.
LeDoux, Joseph E.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 33
Issue: 4
Pages: 451-463
ISSN: 0097-7403 (ISSN-L)
1939-2184
DOI: 10.1037/0097-7403.33.4.451
OpenAlex: W1994484302
Cited by: 72
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 1.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 46516; R37 MH 38774; K05 MH 067048, NRSA 1F32MH077458-01, R21 MH072279)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: fear memory, freezing behavior, aversive motivation, response specificity, escape learning
MeSH terms: Animals, Association Learning, Avoidance Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Conditioning, Operant, Escape Reaction, Exploratory Behavior, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Grooming, Male, Motor Activity, Mental Recall, Reinforcement Schedule, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Immobility Response, Tonic, Rats

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Escape from fear: A detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.

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