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Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting.
Abstract
When people form connections between several memories that share a common retrieval cue, the tendency for those memories to interfere with one another during later retrieval attempts is often eliminated. Three experiments examined whether forming such connections might also protect memories from retrieval-induced forgetting, the phenomenon in which retrieving some associates of a cue leads to the suppression of others that interfere during retrieval (M. C. Anderson, E. L. Bjork, & R. A. Bjork, 1994). All 3 experiments found that instructing subjects to interrelate category exemplars during an initial study phase reduced retrieval-induced forgetting. Postexperimental questionnaires indicated that even when people were not instructed to interrelate exemplars, they often did so spontaneously and that this spontaneous integration also protected people from impairment. These findings, together with others obtained in different experimental settings, suggest that complex knowledge structures composed of highly interconnected components may be especially resistant to retrieval-induced forgetting.
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“Specifically, Chan noted that retrieval-induced forgetting tends to be short-lived (MacLeod & Macrae 2001) and can be eliminated if participants are asked to integrate the materials (Anderson & McCulloch 1999).”
From Practicing Retrieval Facilitates Learning (2021) · cites this paper as Anderson & McCulloch 1999
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 608-629
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- OpenAlex
- W2057972724
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- retrieval-induced forgetting, memory integration, category exemplars, memory interference, associative memory, knowledge structure, memory suppression
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