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Longitudinal relations between marital conflict and child adjustment: Vagal regulation as a protective factor.
Abstract
Although associations between marital conflict and children's adjustment problems are established, less is known about child individual differences that can have an impact on these relations. The authors examined longitudinal relations between marital conflict and children's adjustment using a community sample of elementary school-age children and young adolescents and assessed the role of children's vagal regulation in moderating the conflict-child problems link. Elevated marital conflict was predictive of negative child outcomes, and greater vagal suppression to a simulated argument was protective against internalizing problems associated with marital conflict. Findings are supportive of the value of a biopsychosocial perspective and illustrate that child vagal regulation can contribute to the aggregation or amelioration of risk for maladjustment in the context of exposure to marital conflict.
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“Experiencing IPV can 'tune' an infant's neurobiological apparatus to a developmental trajectory characterized by enhanced sympathetic reactivity and concurrently reduced parasympathetic reactivity, generating a state of perpetual physiological readiness (or 'sensitization', see El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006) even when no challenge is actually present.”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006
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Oshri, A., Liu, S., Suveg, C. M., Caughy, M. O., & Huffman, L. G. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942100078x · Cited by 28
“…studies suggest that the moderating role of physiological functioning on youth biological sensitivity to rearing environments is consistent among preadolescents (El-Sheikh et al., 2009; El-Sheikh & Flanagan, 2001; El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; El-Sheikh, Harger, & Whitson, 2001; Huffman et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUgarte, E., Miller, J. G., Weissman, D. G., & Hastings, P. D. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000912 · Cited by 25
“Although many studies have examined the potential moderating role of RSA reactivity on the association of contextual factors on psychopathology, results are far from consistent (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Obradović et al., 2011; Shader et al., 2018; Shanahan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultDoes marital conflict predict infants’ physiological regulation? A short-term prospective study.
Porter, C. L., & Dyer, W. J. (2017) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000295 · Cited by 16
Willemen, A. M., Goossens, F. A., Koot, H. M., & Schuengel, C. (2008) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.578 · Cited by 10
Armstrong‐Carter, E., Finch, J. E., Siyal, S., Yousafzai, A. K., & Obradović, J. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21981 · Cited by 15
Scrimin, S., Moscardino, U. M. M., & Masón, L. (2018) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12228 · Cited by 17
Hastings, P. D., Ugarte, E., Mashash, M., Marceau, K., Natsuaki, M. N., Shirtcliff, E. A., Zahn‐Waxler, C., & Klimes‐Dougan, B. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23183 · Cited by 13
“…also demarcate adolescents who are more sensitive to environmental influence on adjustment, moderating associations between aversive parental socialization practices and subsequent youth internalizing difficulties (Cai & Tu, 2020; El‐Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Hastings, Klimes‐Dougan, et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRichardson, P. A., Bocknek, E., McGoron, L., & Trentacosta, C. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21836 · Cited by 13
“…stressors and repeated activation of physiological stress responses may lead to “wear and tear” on the parasympathetic nervous system, thus decreasing resting RSA and lessening RSA reactivity responses (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Porter, Wouden-Miller, Silva, & Porter, 2003; Propper & Moore, 2006).”
BackgroundChong, L. S., Gordis, E. B., Hunter, L., Amoh, J., Strully, K. W., Appleton, A. A., & Tracy, M. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105898 · Cited by 21
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“…have found that the relationship between ANS reactivity and antisocial behavior is contextually dependent (Cummings et al., 2007; El-Sheikh, 2005; El-Sheikh et al., 2007, 2011; El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Erath et al., 2009; Hinnant et al., 2016; Obradavić et al., 2011; Sijtsema et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTabachnick, A. R., Moore, C. C., Raby, K. L., Goldstein, A., Zajac, L. A., & Dozier, M. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000152 · Cited by 19
“Of note, our findings diverge from other research and theory, which suggest that high RSA reactivity and high RSA at rest in particular may reduce the risk that youth develop externalizing behaviors (El-Sheikh, Harger, & Whitson, 2001; El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Porges 2007, 2011).”
ResultDavis, M., Suveg, C., Whitehead, M., Jones, A.-M., & Shaffer, A. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.015 · Cited by 12
Benito‐Gomez, M., Fletcher, A. C., & Buehler, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01145-5 · Cited by 11
Daches, S., Kovács, M., George, C. J., Yaroslavsky, I., Kiss, E., Vetró, Á., Dochnal, R., Benák, I., Baji, I., Halas, K., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.008 · Cited by 13
Osborne, K. R., Duprey, E. B., Caughy, M. O., & Oshri, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09881-4 · Cited by 10
Armstrong‐Carter, E., & Telzer, E. H. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14481-7 · Cited by 11
“DAILY FLUCTUATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY 9 lower levels of physiological response can mark greater sensitivity ([21,22]).”
Peng, Y., Xiao-hui, Y., & Wang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09866-9 · Cited by 14
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Finger, B., Schuetze, P. A., & Eiden, R. D. (2014) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2014.01.001 · Cited by 13
“This finding stands in contrast to several other investigations revealing an association between low RSA withdrawal and behavior problems (Calkins & Dedmon, 2000; El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Porges et al., 1996).”
BackgroundResultDiamond, L. M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9622-9_5 · Cited by 12
“2007), and studies suggest that individuals with greater reductions in RSA during stress have more adaptive patterns of emotional and interpersonal functioning (El-Sheikh and Buckhalt 2005; El-Sheikh and Whitson 2006; Hessler and Katz 2007; Huffman et al. 1998; Moore and Calkins 2004).”
BackgroundAttachment security in infancy predicts reduced parasympathetic reactivity in middle childhood
Tabachnick, A. R., Raby, K. L., Goldstein, A., Zajac, L. A., & Dozier, M. (2020) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2020.1741656 · Cited by 12
“…high RSA reactivity to challenge is thought to be protective, and high RSA reactivity in such samples has been observed to moderate relations between exposure to marital conflict and internalizing problems in middle childhood and adolescence (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Khurshid et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPaysnick, A. A., & Burt, K. B. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.891224 · Cited by 9
“Psychophysiology has also been shown to interact with life stress in predicting psychopathology (e.g., El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Obradović, Bush, & Boyce, 2011).”
BackgroundInfants Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: Issues of Gender and Sex
Tailor, K., & Letourneau, N. L. (2012) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-012-9441-5 · Cited by 8
“It has been suggested that differences in physiological patterns may lead to differences in the development of violence-exposed infants across sex (El-Sheikh et al. 2007; El-Sheikh and Whitson 2006).”
BackgroundBenito-Gomez, M., Fletcher, A. C., & Buehler, C. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0472-0 · Cited by 8
Yang, L., & Liu, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2025.073529 · Cited by 8
“According to Family Systems Theory [15], marital conflict, as a central negative interaction indicator within the family system, not only reflects the breakdown of the emotional bond between spouses but also permeates parenting behaviors through a spillover effect [16,17].”
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Shakiba, N., Lynch, S. F., Propper, C. B., Mills-Koonce, R., & Wagner, N. J. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01088-3 · Cited by 11
“Similarly, El-Sheikh and Whitson (2006) found that in the context of marital conflicts, greater RSA suppression (i.e., heightened RSA reactivity) appeared as a protective factor for childhood development of internalizing problems, whereas lower RSA reactivity exacerbated the risk.”
BackgroundSomers, J. A., & Luecken, L. J. (2020) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2020.1809955 · Cited by 7
“…availability of maternal social support, and availability of alternative caregivers, to whom children may also be susceptible (e.g., Beach et al., 2014; El-Sheikh, Harger, & Whitson, 2001; El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Somers et al., 2018, 2018; SturgeApple, Davies, Cicchetti, Hentges, & Coe, 2016).”
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Casad, B. J., & Petzel, Z. W. (2018) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000341 · Cited by 13
“Past research shows resting HRV buffers the relationship between stress and sleep (El-Sheikh, Hinnant, & Erath, 2015), psychological adjustment (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006), maladaptive behaviors such as aggression (Wagner & Abaied, 2015), substance use (Hinnant, Erath, & El-Sheikh, 2015), and…”
BackgroundInterparental Conflict and Child Adjustment
Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Kouros, C. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy412 · Cited by 21
Children’s affective and arousal responses to live interparental conflict: Links with appraisals.
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“…a variety of methods, including using simulated conflict between actors or experimenters (Davies, Harold, et al., 2002; El-Sheikh et al., 2001; El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Shelton et al., 2006), phone argument tasks (Davies et al., 2008), and diary studies (Cummings, GoekeMorey, & Dukewich,…”
Trent, E. S., Viana, A. G., Raines, E. M., Conroy, H. E., Storch, E. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22002 · Cited by 4
“A separate investigation found that interparental conflict was related to greater internalizing problems only among girls with low RSA suppression (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006).”
BackgroundSanders, W., Parent, J. M., Abaied, J. L., Forehand, R., Coyne, S. M., & Dyer, W. J. (2018) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.019 · Cited by 7
“However, others have observed that RSA withdrawal functions as a diathesis, making youth with this reactivity profile more likely to suffer the adverse consequences of negative environments [32].”
BackgroundConsidering Destructive Interparental Conflict and Intimate Partner Abuse: Is there a Difference?
Kopystynska, O., & Beck, C. J. A. (2018) · Family Court Review · doi:10.1111/fcre.12335 · Cited by 10
Buthmann, J., Miller, J. G., Chahal, R., Berens, A. E., & Gotlib, I. (2022) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22327 · Cited by 4
“Parasympathetic ner-voussystemactivityhasbeenshowntobuffertheassociationbetween stressors and symptoms of psychopathology (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Leary & Katz, 2004).”
BackgroundLochman, J. E., Vernberg, E. M., Glenn, A. L., Jarrett, M. A., McDonald, K. L., Powell, N. P., Abel, M. R., Boxmeyer, C. L., Kassing, F., Qu, L., et al. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00753-1 · Cited by 5
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“These results echo previous research suggesting that decreased PNS activity (i.e., greater RSA suppression) in environmental challenges serves as a protective factor against emotional maladaptation (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Fletcher et al., 2017).”
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“…tone and vagal suppression in children up to 15 years of age has served as a buffer against adjustment difficulties, antisocial behavior, and health problems related to higher levels of marital conflict (El-Sheikh, Harger, & Whitson, 2001; El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006; Katz & Gottman, 1995, 1997).”
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“Extant research shows that individuals’ ΔRSA levels play a protective role in the relation between exposure to adversity and increased risk for psychosocial adjustment problems (El-Sheikh and Whitson 2006; McLaughlin, Alves, et al., 2014).”
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“…research has explored these types of relationships (Cummings et al., 2009), scholars are increasingly calling attention to the ways that attributes of children may act as a mediator and/or moderator between the “marital conflict—child development connection” (El-Sheikh and Whitson, 2006: 30).”
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“El efecto inverso encontrado puede deberse a una variable moderadora no incluida en el estudio, como el nivel socioeconómico (Sturge-Apple et al., 2016) o los indicadores de conflicto interpersonal (El-Sheikh & Whitson, 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- El-Sheikh, M., & Whitson, S. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Family Psychology
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-39
- ISSN
- 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1293
- OpenAlex
- W2057705147
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R29 AA10591)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- marital conflict, child adjustment, vagal regulation, internalizing problems, moderated mediation, individual differences, elementary school students, early adolescents, biopsychosocial perspective
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Child, Conflict, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Marriage, Parent-Child Relations, Vagus Nerve
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