Cardiac vagal tone: A physiological index of stress
Abstract
Cardiac vagal tone is proposed as a novel index of stress and stress vulnerability in mammals. A model is described that emphasizes the role of the parasympathetic nervous system and particularly the vagus nerve in defining stress. The model details the importance of a branch of the vagus originating in the nucleus ambiguus. In mammals the nucleus ambiguus not only coordinates sucking, swallowing, and breathing, but it also regulates heart rate and vocalizations in response to stressors. In mammals it is possible, by quantifying the amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, to assess the tonic and phasic regulation of the vagal pathways originating in the nucleus ambiguus. Measurement of this component of vagal tone is proposed as a method to assess, on an individual basis, both stress and the vulnerability to stress.
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RSA provides a measure of parasympathetic activity that indexes the mammalian capacity to flexibly respond to micro-level shifts in environmental events, thereby supporting orientation, attention, and social engagement.
“Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), the respiratory component in heart rhythms mediated by the 10th cranial nerve, the vagus, provides a measure of parasympathetic activity that indexes the mammalian capacity to flexibly respond to micro-level shifts in environmental events, thereby supporting orientation, attention, and social engagement (33).”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Porges, S. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Porges, Stephen W.
- ORCID
- Porges, Stephen W.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-06
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 225-233
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028900007
- Cited by
- 870
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (MCJ-240622)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 22628, R01HD022628)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- cardiac vagal tone, stress, stress vulnerability, parasympathetic nervous system, vagus nerve, nucleus ambiguus, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, heart rate regulation, vocalizations, stress measurement
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autonomic Nervous System, Heart, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Vagus Nerve
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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