The Codevelopment of Adolescents’ and Parents’ Anxiety and Depression: Moderating Influences of Youth Gender and Psychophysiology
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METHODS: In a 2-year longitudinal study of 220 families, we examined how youth gender and adrenocortical and parasympathetic activity moderated reciprocal, bidirectional relations between parent and youth anxiety and depression problems. RESULTS: Maternal anxiety predicted subsequent youth anxiety and depression. Maternal depression predicted youth anxiety and, for daughters and youth with low adrenocortical reactivity, youth depression. Youth depression predicted maternal depression only for youth with high adrenocortical reactivity. There were no associations between paternal and youth psychopathology. DISCUSSION: Examining youth gender and psychophysiological characteristics that shape the nature of bidirectional influences may inform efforts to identify families at heightened risk for intergenerational transmission of psychopathology.
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Parent internalizing symptoms, including anxiety, are associated with greater youth anxiety across multiple studies.
“Parent internalizing symptoms, including anxiety, is associated with greater youth anxiety across multiple studies [14,15,16].”
From A Qualitative Study of Participant Feedback on an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Group-Based Intervention for Parents of Youth with Anxiety Disorders. (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Hastings, P. D., Ugarte, E., Mashash, M., Marceau, K., Natsuaki, M. N., Shirtcliff, E. A., Zahn‐Waxler, C., & Klimes‐Dougan, B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hastings, Paul D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-06-10
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1234-1244
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- OpenAlex
- W3170793622
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (97‐M‐0116)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA039288)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- adolescent anxiety, adolescent depression, parent-adolescent relationships, bidirectional transmission, maternal anxiety, maternal depression, adrenocortical reactivity, parasympathetic activity, intergenerational transmission of psychopathology, family psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Psychophysiology
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