Cited by 1,102Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Abuse and Trauma

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

Kubany, Edward S., Leisen, Mary Beth, Kaplan, Aaron S., Watson, Susan B., Haynes, Stephen N., Owens, Julie A., Burns, Katie·2000·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210

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Abstract

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of a brief questionnaire that assesses exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events. Items were generated from multiple sources of information. Events were described in behaviorally descriptive terms, consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV posttraumatic stress disorder stressor criterion A1. When events were endorsed, respondents were asked if they experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (stressor criterion A2). In separate studies with college students, Vietnam veterans, battered women, and residents of a substance abuse program, most items possessed adequate to excellent temporal stability. In a study comparing questionnaire and structured-interview inquiries of trauma history, the 2 formats yielded similar rates of disclosure. Preliminary data on positive predictive power are also presented.

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Background
Resilience to Child Sexual Abuse in Male College Students
Graves, E. G., Borders, L. D., & Ackerman, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.39.2.05 · Cited by 8
Design of a randomized controlled trial examining the efficacy of oxytocin to enhance alcohol behavioral couple therapy
Flanagan, J. C., Joseph, J. E., Nietert, P. J., Back, S. E., & McCrady, B. S. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.05.002 · Cited by 8
Longitudinal effects of interoceptive awareness training as an adjunct to medication treatment for opioid use disorder: A randomized clinical trial of Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy
Price, C. J., Pike, K. C., & Merrill, J. O. (2025) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112813 · Cited by 8
In vivo defensive behaviors, fear, and attention bias to physical and negative evaluation threats
Sippel, L. M., Taverna, E. C., & Marshall, A. D. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104108 · Cited by 7
Trauma history in veterans with bipolar disorder and its impact on suicidality
Fijtman, A., Clausen, A. N., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., & Morey, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.063 · Cited by 7
Probable trauma associated sleep disorder in post-9/11 US Veterans
Taylor, K. A., Mysliwiec, V., Kimbrel, N. A., Augustine, A. V., The VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Registry Workgroup, Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., Dedert, E. A., Elbogen, E. B., Fairbank, J. A., et al. (2023) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad001 · Cited by 7
The Role of Unit and Interpersonal Support in Military Sexual Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
Webermann, A. R., Relyea, M., Portnoy, G. A., Martino, S., Brandt, C., & Haskell, S. G. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231165764 · Cited by 7
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) is a 22-item self-report measure assessing lifetime exposure to traumatic events, such as childhood abuse, experiencing a serious accident, or witnessing someone’s serious injury or death (Kubany et al., 2000).”
Background
Roles of Guilt Cognitions in Trauma-Related Sleep Disturbance in Military Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Dedert, E. A., Dennis, P. A., Cunningham, K. C., Ulmer, C. S., Calhoun, P. S., Kimbrel, N. A., Hicks, T. A., Neal, J. M., & Beckham, J. C. (2018) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1435544 · Cited by 7
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000)) is a 23-item self-report questionnaire assessing potentially traumatic events.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of the Forms of Violence Against Women
Bradel, L. T., Rosenbaum, A., & Orcutt, H. K. (2018) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2018.1463338 · Cited by 7
“Exposure to CSA, CPA, and witnessing family violence was assessed using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Self- and Other-Directed Violence as Outcomes of Deployment-Based Military Sexual Assault
Wilson, L. C., Newins, A. R., Wilson, S. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2020.1725213 · Cited by 7
“Childhood sexual abuse was assessed using three items from the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
Judgments of Memory Coherence Depend on the Conditions Under Which a Memory is Retrieved, Regardless of Reported PTSD Symptoms
Taylor, A., Jordan, K., Zajac, R., Takarangi, M. K. T., & Garry, M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/h0101855 · Cited by 21
Changes in Trauma-Related Cognitions and Emotions After Eliciting Moral Elevation: Examining the Effects of Viewing Others' Virtuous Behavior on Veterans With PTSD
McGuire, A. P., Fagan, J. G., Howard, B. A. N., Wurm, A., & Szabo, Y. Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2021.831032 · Cited by 5
Adverse adult experiences and health outcomes: Racial and ethnic differences in a low‐income sample
Mersky, J. P., Lee, C. P., & Janczewski, C. E. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3212 · Cited by 9
Selecting a Potentially Traumatic Event Screening Measure
Gray, M. J., & Slagle, D. M. (2006) · Journal of Trauma Practice · doi:10.1300/j189v05n02_01 · Cited by 7
“Among the PTE measures in existence, the initial version of the TLEQ has been subjected to the greatest empirical scrutiny and has been found to possess solid psychometric properties (Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The missing link: A call for more rigorous PTSD assessment procedures.
Elhai, J. D., & Naifeh, J. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12005 · Cited by 9
Pilot Testing a New Short Screen for the Assessment of Older Women's PTSD Symptomatology
Laganà, L., & Schuitevoerder, S. (2009) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601270802708442 · Cited by 7
“The Distressing Event Questionnaire (DEQ; Kubany, Leisen, Kaplan, & Kelly, 2000) has demonstrated good psychometric properties but still, with 20 items, its length is somewhat cumbersome.”
Influential
Duty-Related Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in 911 Telecommunicators: The Roles of Childhood Trauma Exposure and Emotion-Focused Coping
Allen, C. E., Mercer, M. C., & Lilly, M. M. (2016) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2016.1175534 · Cited by 13
“Childhood trauma exposure Exposure to past traumatic experiences was measured using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Further evidence for a role of the ADRB2 gene in risk for posttraumatic stress disorder
Hauser, M. A., Garrett, M. E., Liu, Y., Dennis, M. F., Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., & Ashley‐Koch, A. E. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.013 · Cited by 7
The examination of behavior inhibition system sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and sex in relation to post-traumatic stress symptom severity: Comparison of a moderated versus mediated model
Warnke, A. S., Nagy, S. M., Pickett, S. M., Jarrett, N. L., & Hunsanger, J. A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.019 · Cited by 7
Evaluating the influences of major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder on trauma and alcohol cue reactivity
Bing‐Canar, H., Demos, A. P., Mermelstein, R. J., & Berenz, E. C. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106596 · Cited by 7
“Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
PTSD Symptoms, Daily Subjective Age, and Psychological Distress in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Hoffman, Y. S. G., Shrira, A., & Bodner, E. (2021) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000256 · Cited by 7
Understanding the Relationship of Trauma, Substance Use, and Resilience Among Religiously Affiliated University Students
Burnett, H. J., Witzel, K., Allers, K., & McBride, D. C. (2016) · Journal of Research on Christian Education · doi:10.1080/10656219.2016.1237906 · Cited by 7
“The Traumatic Life Experiences (TLE) subscale contains a modified version of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire developed by Kubany et al. (2000).”
Method
Leadership and post-traumatic stress disorder: are soldiers’ perceptions of organizational justice during deployment protective?
Elrond, A. F., Høgh, A., & Andersen, S. B. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1449558 · Cited by 7
“From the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000), a dichotomous indicator of having at least one additional deployment into a war zone and a measure of the number of 16 potentially traumatic events experienced, was introduced to account for experiences between homecoming and…”
Background
Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder
Watling, S. E., Gill, T., Gaudette, E. V., Richardson, J. A., McCluskey, T., Tong, J., Meyer, J. H., Warsh, J. J., Jetly, R., Hutchison, M. G., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31327-y · Cited by 6
The role of prenatal violence exposure in the development of disparities in children's adiposity from birth to middle childhood
Rudd, K. L., Zhao, Q., Lisha, N. E., Graff, J. C., Noroña-Zhou, A. N., Roubinov, D. S., Barrett, E. S., Juárez, P. D., Carroll, K. N., Karr, C. J., et al. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23794 · Cited by 6
“At their second trimester study visit, women reported their history of violence exposure in childhood using three items from the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire [23] that assessed experiences of physical abuse before age 18, sexual abuse before age 13, and witnessing family violence “while growing up.”
Method
Trauma exposure and short‐term volitional personality trait change
Blackie, L. E. R., & Hudson, N. W. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12759 · Cited by 8
“TTLEQ has 21 potentially traumatic life events, including natural disasters, physical abuse, sexual assault, life-threatening accidents and illnesses and witnessing family violence.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Shadow of Childhood Harm Behind Prison Walls
Wolff, N. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653135.001.0001 · Cited by 7
Correlates of incarceration history among military veterans
Kelton, K. F., Voorhees, E. E. V., Elbogen, E. B., Workgroup, V. M.-A. M., & Dillon, K. H. (2022) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2022.2141049 · Cited by 6
“The scale has demonstrated positive predictive power (i.e., overlap with known traumatic events that participants have experienced) and most items have demonstrated temporal stability (Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Association between war-related traumatic events and blood pressure trajectory: a population-based study among the mid-aged and older Palestinian adults living in Gaza
Jebril, M., Mazidi, M., Liu, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1073284 · Cited by 6
Clinician treatment choices for post-traumatic stress disorder: ambassadors survey of psychiatrists in 39 European countries
Kuzman, M. R., Padberg, F., Amann, B. L., Schouler‐Ocak, M., Bajić, Ž., Melartin, T. K., James, A., Beezhold, J. N., Artigué, J., Arango, C., et al. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.19 · Cited by 7
“They are therefore frequently found in everyday psychiatric clinical practice [1], given that there are many potentially life-threatening events [2].”
Background
Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence Among Veterans: A Latent Class Analysis
Portnoy, G. A., Relyea, M., Webermann, A. R., Presseau, C., Iverson, K. M., Brandt, C., & Haskell, S. G. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241284087 · Cited by 5
“We used the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) during the baseline survey to assess childhood abuse, witnessing family violence, and lifetime physical assault.”

Authors: Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-224
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
OpenAlex: W1987849657
Cited by: 1,102
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 6.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: trauma exposure, potentially traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder, questionnaire development, temporal stability, university students, Vietnam War veterans, battered women
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Trauma Severity Indices

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

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