Cited by 1,102Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Abuse and Trauma

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

Kubany, Edward S., Leisen, Mary Beth, Kaplan, Aaron S., Watson, Susan B., Haynes, Stephen N., Owens, Julie A., Burns, Katie·2000·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210

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Abstract

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of a brief questionnaire that assesses exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events. Items were generated from multiple sources of information. Events were described in behaviorally descriptive terms, consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV posttraumatic stress disorder stressor criterion A1. When events were endorsed, respondents were asked if they experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (stressor criterion A2). In separate studies with college students, Vietnam veterans, battered women, and residents of a substance abuse program, most items possessed adequate to excellent temporal stability. In a study comparing questionnaire and structured-interview inquiries of trauma history, the 2 formats yielded similar rates of disclosure. Preliminary data on positive predictive power are also presented.

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Method
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Cognitive Processing of Trauma and Attitudes Toward Disclosure in the First Six Months After Military Deployment
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Method
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“You Blame Me, Therefore I Blame Me”: The Importance of First Disclosure Partner Responses on Trauma-Related Cognitions and Distress
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Background
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Method
Prepulse inhibition deficits in women with PTSD
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Method
Self-Reported Pain Complaints among Afghanistan/Iraq Era Men and Women Veterans with Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder
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Method
Black-White racial health disparities in inflammation and physical health: Cumulative stress, social isolation, and health behaviors
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Mental health correlates of victimization classes among homeless youth
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“[19] found very good concordance between interview data and questionnaire data when asking about trauma events.”
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“The TLEQ has demonstrated sound psychometric properties, including high temporal stability in a number of populations (e.g., college students, war veterans, battered women, residents of substance abuse programs; Kubany et al., 2000).”
Background
Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Associations Between Multiple Strategies and Specific Symptom Clusters
Lee, D. J., Witte, T. K., Weathers, F. W., & Davis, M. T. (2015) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9477-3 · Cited by 47
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Method
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Influential
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
Intrusive memories as conditioned responses to trauma cues: An empirically supported concept?
Franke, L. K., Rattel, J. A., Miedl, S. F., Danböck, S. K., Bürkner, P., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103848 · Cited by 46
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“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) is a 23-item self-report questionnaire that assesses exposure to a broad spectrum of potentially traumatic events, ranging from natural disasters, accidents, assaults, and childhood abuses.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters, Trauma History, and Substance Use among College Students
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“They also reported significant correlations between the TAA–SRV and the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) and significant correlations between the TAA–SRV total score and PTSD symptoms among college students.”
Background
Use of Fidelity Assessments to Train Clinicians in the CBT for PTSD Program for Clients With Serious Mental Illness
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“This version of the TLEQ has been successfully used in previous research on the CBT for PTSD program to screen for trauma exposure in this population (13).”
Common Measures for National Institute of Mental Health Funded Research
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Oxytocin and Social Sensitivity: Gene Polymorphisms in Relation to Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation
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“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) was used to measure the number of different types of traumatic events experienced.”
Method
Maternal exposure to childhood traumatic events, but not multi-domain psychosocial stressors, predict placental corticotrophin releasing hormone across pregnancy
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“— Exposure to CTE was measured during the second trimester using the three items from the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) (Kubany et al., 2000), assessing whether women were subjected to 1) physical abuse or 2) witnessing family violence “while growing up” or 3) sexual abuse “before age thirteen”.”
Method
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Method
Prevalence of Current PTSD Symptoms Among a Sample of Black Individuals Aged 15 to 40 in Canada: The Major Role of Everyday Racial Discrimination, Racial Microaggresions, and Internalized Racism
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“This questionnaire is widely used and demonstrates robust psychometric properties, such as reliability and validity.(20,21) Cronbach alpha in our sample was 0.”
Method
Attentional control as a prospective predictor of posttraumatic stress symptomatology
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Method
Psychometric properties of the Trauma Assessment for Adults
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“, test–retest ks for TAA items in this study and test–retest ks for TLEQ items reported by Kubany et al.([21])).”
MethodInfluential
A path model examination: maternal anxiety and parenting mediate the association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and children's internalizing behaviors
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Method
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“Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; [29]).”
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Method
Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Lifetime Stressor Checklist-Revised in Psychiatric Outpatients with Anxiety or Depressive Disorders
Choi, K., Kim, D., Jang, E. Y., Bae, H., & Kim, S. H. (2016) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2017.58.1.226 · Cited by 39
PTSD symptoms and subjective traumatic outlook in the Israel-Hamas war: Capturing a broader picture of posttraumatic reactions
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Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Women With Sexual Abuse Histories
Talbot, N. L., Conwell, Y., Hara, M. W. O., Stuart, S. P., Ward, E. A., Gamble, S. A., Watts, A., & Tu, X. M. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000188987.07734.22 · Cited by 37
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Use of Psychotropic Medication Groups in People with Severe Mental Illness and Stressful Childhood Experiences
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“…SMI, clinicians and researchers ought to include standardized instruments to assess traumatic events (e.g., Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire; Kubany et al., 2000), trauma symptoms (e.g., Impact of Event Scale; Creamer, Bell, & Failla, 2003), complex PTSD (e.g., Symptoms of Trauma Scale;…”
Background
Belief in Human Sinfulness, Belief in Experiencing Divine Forgiveness, and Psychiatric Symptoms
Uecker, J. E., Ellison, C. G., Flannelly, K. J., & Burdette, A. M. (2016) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-015-0232-3 · Cited by 36
Daily-level associations between PTSD and cannabis use among young sexual minority women
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“Trauma exposure—The Traumatic Life Experiences Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) was used to assess the number of lifetime traumatic events (of 22 possible) that participants experienced.”
Method
Maternal childhood trauma and prenatal stressors are associated with child behavioral health
Ahmad, S. I., Rudd, K. L., LeWinn, K. Z., Mason, W. A., Murphy, L. E., Juárez, P. D., Karr, C. J., Sathyanarayana, S., Tylavsky, F. A., & Bush, N. R. (2021) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174421000581 · Cited by 46
A controlled examination of two coping skills for daily alcohol use and PTSD symptom severity among dually diagnosed individuals
Stappenbeck, C. A., Luterek, J. A., Kaysen, D. L., Rosenthal, C. F., Gurrad, B., & Simpson, T. L. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.013 · Cited by 37
The Sexual Self-Perceptions of Young Women Experiencing Abuse in Dating Relationships
Offman, A., & Matheson, K. (2004) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-004-5465-5 · Cited by 36
Prospective Effects of Method of Coercion in Sexual Victimization Across the First College Year
Griffin, M. J., & Read, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260511433518 · Cited by 37
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) is a self-report measure that assesses for Criterion A trauma exposure.”
BackgroundMethod
Psychological Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in College Students
Avant, E. M., Swopes, R. M., Davis, J. L., & Elhai, J. D. (2010) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260510390954 · Cited by 36
“They reported a significant total scale correlation (r = .66) between the TAA and the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) within a college sample.”
Background
Interpersonal early‐life trauma alters amygdala connectivity and sustained attention performance
Fortenbaugh, F. C., Corbo, V., Poole, V. N., McGlinchey, R. E., Milberg, W., Salat, D. H., Degutis, J. M., & Esterman, M. S. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.684 · Cited by 38
“While the TLEQ does not delve into the specifics of types of trauma, it has been shown to be a valid measure for detecting whether or not early life trauma occurred (Clancy et al., 2006; Corbo et al., 2014; Kubany et al., 2000; Van Voorhees et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
Childhood trauma and schizotypy in non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Toutountzidis, D., Gale, T. M., Irvine, K., Sharma, S., & Laws, K. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270494 · Cited by 37
“2) 292/92 STA [46] TLEQ [36] One question from the CTQ [30] to capture emotional abuse and neglect DASS-21 [85]; BCSS [91] Physical abuse Magical thinking (OR 4.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Dopamine D 3 Receptor Gene and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Logue, M. W., Baldwin, C. T., Reardon, A. F., Aiello, A. E., Galea, S., Koenen, K. C., Uddin, M., Wildman, D. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21937 · Cited by 35
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) was administered in the discovery sample.”
Empirical Limits for the Forensic Assessment of PTSD Litigants.
Koch, W. J., O’Neill, M. L., & Douglas, K. S. (2005) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-005-1401-7 · Cited by 36
Negative emotionality and disconstraint influence PTSD symptom course via exposure to new major adverse life events
Sadeh, N., Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., & Harkness, K. L. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.003 · Cited by 37
Early life adverse experiences and loneliness among young adults: The mediating role of social processes
Landry, J., Asokumar, A., Crump, C., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968383 · Cited by 38
“Notably, general trauma exposure reported in responses to the TLEQ was not associated with any of the dimensions of early life trauma assessed using the ELTI, whereas childhood abuse reported on the TLEQ was associated with higher reports of physical punishment, r = 0.34, p 0.001, sexual events, r = 0.48, p 0.001, and…”
BackgroundInfluential
Common Data Elements for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Kaloupek, D. G., Chard, K. M., Freed, M. C., Peterson, A. L., Riggs, D. S., Stein, M. B., & Tuma, F. K. (2010) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.06.032 · Cited by 34
Self‐reported health and physician diagnosed illnesses in women with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder
Calhoun, P. S., Wiley, M. T., Dennis, M. F., & Beckham, J. C. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20400 · Cited by 35
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
A model of risk for perinatal posttraumatic stress symptoms
Grekin, R., O’Hara, M. W., & Brock, R. L. (2020) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01068-2 · Cited by 35
Post-traumatic reactions to psychosis in people with multiple psychotic episodes
Lu, W., Mueser, K. T., Shami, A., Siglag, M., Petrides, G., Schoepp, E., Putts, M. R., & Saltz, J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.006 · Cited by 35
“Lifetime exposure to trauma (e.g., sexual assault, serious accident) was evaluated with an abbreviated version of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000) that included 12 items, each rated on a no/yes basis.”
Does Guilt Mediate the Association Between Tonic Immobility and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Female Trauma Survivors?
Bovin, M. J., Dodson, T. S., Smith, B. N., Gregor, K. L., Marx, B. P., & Pineles, S. L. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21963 · Cited by 36
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & LoSavio, S. T. (2017) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781394258949.ch6 · Cited by 37
The Comorbidity of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Substance Use Disorders
Brady, K. T., McCauley, J. L., & Back, S. E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_93 · Cited by 42
RETRACTED: Linking plasma cortisol levels to phenotypic heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress symptomatology
Horn, C. A. C., Pietrzak, R. H., Corsi-Travali, S., & Neumeister, A. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.10.003 · Cited by 34
“, 1995), trauma history using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) (Kubany et al., 2000); and current depression and anxiety severity using the MontgomeryÅsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) (Montgomery and Asberg, 1979) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) (Hamilton, 1959), respectively.”
Method
Retracted
Measuring the Severity of Negative and Traumatic Events
Rubin, D. C., & Feeling, N. R. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613483112 · Cited by 33
“The BDI-II, CAPS, CES, PCL, and TLEQ were given in the initial session; the NEO was given in a later session.”
Influential
Social Surrogate Use in Those Exposed to Trauma: I Get By with a Little Help from My (Fictional) Friends
Gabriel, S., Read, J. P., Young, A. F., Bachrach, R. L., & Troisi, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2017.36.1.41 · Cited by 35
“[PubMed: 11556941] Kubany ES, Leisen M, Kaplan AS, Watson SB, Haynes SN, Owens JA, Burns K. Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.”
Method
Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and preventive health behaviours: a systematic review
Lee, S. Y., & Park, C. L. (2017) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2017.1373030 · Cited by 35
“Rutter, Weatherill, Krill, Orazem, and Taft (2013) Cross-sectional 2b Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ)a PTSD Checklist (PCL-C) Mediator (Pearson correlation, linear regression) 1 item from the Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) College undergraduates (n = 200) PTSD symptom severity was negatively correlated with fr…”
Influential
The Level of Exposure‐Dental Experiences Questionnaire (LOE‐DEQ): a measure of severity of exposure to distressing dental events
Oosterink, F. M. D., de Jongh, A., Hoogstraten, J., & Aartman, I. H. A. (2008) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00542.x · Cited by 33
“(28).”
Evaluation of Lifetime Trauma Exposure and Physical Health in Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder
Dennis, M. F., Flood, A. M., Reynolds, V., Araújo, G., Clancy, C. P., Barefoot, J. C., & Beckham, J. C. (2009) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801209331410 · Cited by 38
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) is a 22-item questionnaire designed to assess exposure and response to traumatic events.”
Background
The role of cumulative sexual trauma and difficulties identifying feelings in understanding female veterans' physical health outcomes
Polusny, M. A., Dickinson, K. A., Murdoch, M., & THURAS, P. D. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.11.006 · Cited by 33
Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals with severe mental illness and borderline personality disorder
Kredlow, M. A., Szuhany, K. L., Lo, S., Xie, H., Gottlieb, J. D., Rosenberg, S. D., & Mueser, K. T. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.045 · Cited by 33
“Trauma exposure was assessed at baseline using the Trauma History Questionnaire (Green, 1996) in Study 1, and an abbreviated Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000) in Study 2.”
Method
PREDICTORS OF TREATMENT OUTCOMES AMONG DEPRESSED WOMEN WITH CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE HISTORIES
Cort, N. A., Gamble, S. A., Smith, P. N., Chaudron, L. H., Lu, N., He, H., & Talbot, N. L. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21942 · Cited by 30
“The TLEQ is a 23-item self-report measure of potentially traumatic lifetime events.”
Influential
Reliability and Validity of the SCL-90-R PTSD Subscale
Carlozzi, N. E., & Long, P. J. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260508314295 · Cited by 32
Cognitive and emotional contributors to intimate partner violence perpetration following trauma
Marshall, A. D., Robinson, L. R., & Azar, S. T. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20681 · Cited by 32
An Examination of the Association between 5-HTTLPR, Combat Exposure, and PTSD Diagnosis among U.S. Veterans
Liu, Y., Garrett, M. E., Dennis, M. F., Green, K. T., VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Registry Workgroup, Ashley‐Koch, A. E., Hauser, M. A., Beckham, J. C., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119998 · Cited by 33
The ties that bind: Ingroup ties are linked with diminished inflammatory immune responses and fewer mental health symptoms through less rumination
Ysseldyk, R., McQuaid, R. J., McInnis, O. A., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195237 · Cited by 34
Impact of disaster exposure severity: Cascading effects across parental distress, adolescent PTSD symptoms, as well as parent-child conflict and communication
Bountress, K. E., Gilmore, A. K., Metzger, I. W., Aggen, S. H., Tomko, R. L., Danielson, C. K., Williamson, V. S., Vladmirov, V., Ruggiero, K. J., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113293 · Cited by 32
“These questions were adapted from the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire, which has shown good predictive validity (Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
Childhood Violence and Adult Partner Maltreatment: The Roles of Coping Style and Psychological Distress
Hetzel‐Riggin, M. D., & Meads, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-011-9395-z · Cited by 31
“The TLEQ has also exhibited adequate convergent and discriminant validity in samples of undergraduate students, Vietnam veterans, and battered women (Kubany et al. 2000).”
Background
Main and interactive effects of a nonclinical panic attack history and distress tolerance in relation to PTSD symptom severity
Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.001 · Cited by 31
The Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ): Development of a Short Self-Report Measure of Depressogenic Attributions
Kleim, B., Gonzalo, D., & Ehlers, A. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9234-9 · Cited by 34
Contributions of polygenic risk for obesity to PTSD-related metabolic syndrome and cortical thickness
Wolf, E. J., Miller, D. R., Logue, M. W., Sumner, J. A., Stoop, T. B., Leritz, E. C., Hayes, J. P., Stone, A., Schichman, S. A., McGlinchey, R. E., et al. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.001 · Cited by 31
The limits of ‘adaptive’ coping: Well-being and mood reactions to stressors among women in abusive dating relationships
Matheson, K., Skomorovsky, A., Fiocco, A. J., & Anisman, H. (2007) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890701208313 · Cited by 30
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al. 2000) is a 23-item self-report measure of exposure to a broad spectrum of potentially traumatic events.”
Background
The Relationship of Violent Fathers, Posttraumatically Stressed Mothers and Symptomatic Children in a Preschool-Age Inner-City Pediatrics Clinic Sample
Schechter, D. S., Willheim, E., McCaw, J. E., Turner, J. B., Myers, M. M., & Zeanah, C. H. (2011) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260511403747 · Cited by 31
“The TLEQ shows stability and convergent validity across diverse studies and across diverse minority populations (Kubany et al., 2000).”
Background

Authors: Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-224
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
OpenAlex: W1987849657
Cited by: 1,102
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 6.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: trauma exposure, potentially traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder, questionnaire development, temporal stability, university students, Vietnam War veterans, battered women
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Trauma Severity Indices

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

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