Cited by 1,102Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Abuse and Trauma

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

Kubany, Edward S., Leisen, Mary Beth, Kaplan, Aaron S., Watson, Susan B., Haynes, Stephen N., Owens, Julie A., Burns, Katie·2000·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210

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Abstract

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of a brief questionnaire that assesses exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events. Items were generated from multiple sources of information. Events were described in behaviorally descriptive terms, consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV posttraumatic stress disorder stressor criterion A1. When events were endorsed, respondents were asked if they experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (stressor criterion A2). In separate studies with college students, Vietnam veterans, battered women, and residents of a substance abuse program, most items possessed adequate to excellent temporal stability. In a study comparing questionnaire and structured-interview inquiries of trauma history, the 2 formats yielded similar rates of disclosure. Preliminary data on positive predictive power are also presented.

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BackgroundMethod
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“Total number of traumatic events endorsed (measured in the spin-off study) Individuals reported on interpersonal traumatic events before college using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
Differences in trauma exposure, PTSD and child well-being as a function of parental substance misuse in a child welfare sample
Jankowski, M. K., Knight, E., & Butcher, R. L. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106326 · Cited by 3
Awareness, Incidence and Psychological Wellbeing of Childhood Sexual Abuse as Reported by Ultra-Orthodox Mothers
Vega, E., & Tuval‐Mashiach, R. (2023) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2023.2222014 · Cited by 3
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) is a selfreport measure that systematically asks about exposure to a range of potentially traumatic events including natural disasters, motor vehicle accidents, physical and sexual abuse in childhood, exposure to family violence,…”
Background
Developmental Timing of Trauma Exposure Relative to Puberty and Violent Behavior in Adulthood
Zhang, Z. Z., & Marshall, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2023.2241024 · Cited by 3
“The TLEQ has been found to demonstrate good psychometric properties, including good test– retest reliability, convergent validity with structured-interview assessments of trauma exposure, and content validity (Peirce et al., 2009).”
Background
The Effect of Cognitive Fusion on Change in PTSD and Depression Symptom Severity in Veterans Engaged in Group Psychotherapy
Wojcik, K. D., Cox, D. W., Kealy, D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2022-0035 · Cited by 3
Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation in African American Women With a History of Sexual Violence as a Minor
Vinson, E. S., & Oser, C. B. (2016) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801216632614 · Cited by 3
“Sexual violence as a minor was measured using a single item from the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
The Role of Trauma in Leadership Socialization
Arnold, N. W., Osanloo, A. F., Guillaume, R. O., et al. (2018) · Journal of School Leadership · doi:10.1177/105268461802800602 · Cited by 3
“Traumatic life events (Kubany et al., 2000) are sometimes termed negative life events (Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2001), stressful life events (Goodman, Corcoran, Turner, Yuan, & Green, 1998), and simply life events (Gray, Litz, Hsu, & Lombardo, 2004).”
Background
A latent class analysis of alcohol and posttraumatic stress symptoms among offspring of parents with and without alcohol use disorder
Bender, A. K., Meyers, J. L., de Viteri, S. S., Schuckit, M. A., Chan, G., Ación, L., Kamarajan, C., Kramer, J. R., Anohkin, A., Kinreich, S., et al. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106640 · Cited by 3
“The SSAGA-IV assesses for PTSD using a modified version of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
Does Peritraumatic Ketamine Reduce Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Brodeur, J. D., Mancine, R., Ley, A. F., & Magen, J. G. (2020) · Spartan Medical Research Journal · doi:10.51894/001c.17647 · Cited by 3
Lifetime adversity interacts with peritraumatic data-driven processing to predict intrusive memories
Rattel, J. A., Miedl, S. F., Franke, L. K., Ehring, T. W., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101688 · Cited by 3
Poly-victimization: The Co-occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence with Other Forms of Aggression
Bradel, L. T., & Rosenbaum, A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_154 · Cited by 4
Understanding the relationship between anti-transgender bias, non-affirmation, and post-traumatic stress: a model of internalized transphobia-mediated post-traumatic stress.
Barr, S. M. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3106 · Cited by 4
“…high rate of exposure to traditionally defined trauma: 98% of participants had experienced at least one potentially traumatic Criterion A event (PTE), as measured by the commonly-used Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000), and 91% reported having experienced multiple PTEs.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Gambling as a means of relieving distress : understanding the connections among interpersonal trauma, perceived social support and unsupport, and problem gambling
Donnelly, C. (2009) · doi:10.22215/etd/2009-06685 · Cited by 3
Diagnostic profiles and trauma history among treatment‐seeking young adults with positive post‐traumatic stress disorder screens: Findings and implications for public mental health care
Lu, W., Srijeyanthan, J., Siriram, A., Silverstein, S. M., Yanos, P. T., Mueser, K. T., Gottlieb, J. D., Marcello, S. C., Kim, M. J., & Zeiss, M. (2023) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13481 · Cited by 3
“Between 01/2007 and 11/2010, 2035 individuals were screened for PTSD using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) and PTSD Checklist (PCL; Weathers et al., 1993); 1107 endorsed at least one item on the TLEQ and had PCL scores ≥ 45 (Minsky et al., 2015).”
Method
“Age of traumatic experience as a predictor of distorted body image in patients with eating disorders”
Idini, E., Paredes-Carreño, P., Navarro‐Gil, M., Barceló‐Soler, A., Valera-Ceamanos, D., & García‐Campayo, J. (2024) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045241251902 · Cited by 2
“This is a self-report questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000) with 23 items (dichotomous answer YES/NO) used to assess different ALEs.”
Method
Low neuroticism as an indicator of resilience: a longitudinal study of Danish soldiers before, during and after deployment
Melkevik, O., Jeppesen, L. S., Folke, S., & Nielsen, A. B. S. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2476810 · Cited by 2
“The number of unique past traumatic experiences was assessed at T1 by the Trauma Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) (Kubany et al., 2000), which lists 19 traumatic events that could have happened in a person’s life (e.g. natural disaster, robbery involving a weapon, childhood trauma).”
Social adversity and loneliness in first episode psychosis
Botello, R. M., Gandhi, A., Grunfeld, G., Wagner, N. J., Oh, H. Y., Mueser, K. T., & Fulford, D. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02958-5 · Cited by 3
“…level of parental education; (3) history of traumatic experiences, as assessed with the abbreviated Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; [46]), where individuals were presented with a list of 14 different traumatic events and for each event asked whether they had experienced it; (4)…”
The Impact of Stimulus Presentation on Skin Conductance and Potential Implications for Neurofeedback Studies
Gura, H., Wiener, E., Beynel, L., Luber, B. M., & Lisanby, S. H. (2026) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-025-09757-3 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Childhood Physical Abuse and Age of Sexual Initiation on Women's Maladaptive Posttraumatic Cognitions
Marshall, A. D., & Leifker, F. R. (2014) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2014.872746 · Cited by 2
“The TLEQ has demonstrated adequate levels of test–retest reliability and good content validity (Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Blevins, C. A., Davis, M. T., & Weathers, F. W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_14 · Cited by 2
The Moderation Effect of Attention Control on the Relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Intrusive Rumination
Lim, N. H., & 심은정 (2017) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2017.22.4.005 · Cited by 2
Moderating Effect of Meanings-Made on the Relationship Between Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Life Events and Suicidal Ideation
Basu, N., Schuler, K. R., Marie, L., Taylor, S. E., Fadoir, N. A., & Smith, P. N. (2020) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/1054137319898333 · Cited by 3
“” Problematic assimilations and over accommodations have been associated with psychopathology including (PTSD; Ali, Dunmore, Clark, & Ehlers, 2002), depression (Kubany et al., 2000), and so on.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Psychological adjustment following mechanical restraint in individuals with schizophrenia
Holm, T., & Mors, O. N. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.1939417 · Cited by 2
“Trauma history Trauma history was evaluated using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ [46]), which is a well-validated measure of traumatic event assessments [47].”
Method
Childhood trauma differentially impacts depression and stress associations with reintegration challenges among post-9/11 U.S. veterans
Etchin, A. G., Fonda, J. R., Howard, E., Fortier, C. B., Milberg, W., Pounds, K. G., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2021) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2021.10.008 · Cited by 2
False Memory and Borderline Personality Features
Sajjadi, S. F., Sellbom, M., Gross, J., & Hayne, H. (2023) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i1.17 · Cited by 2
Filial piety as a beneficial factor for posttraumatic adjustment in the context of adverse childhood experiences among Taiwanese young adults
Huang, Y., & Yeh, K. (2024) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2024.43.3.207 · Cited by 2
Trauma-Informed Care Part 1: Definitions and Screening #487
Ho, J. J., Matinrad, H., Arora, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2024.0245 · Cited by 2
“13 Furthermore, there is no standard scoring method and there are questions about its cultural adapt-ability.”
Neural processing of audiovisual and painful analogue trauma and its relationship with subsequent audiovisual and pain intrusions
Miedl, S. F., Franke, L. K., Danböck, S. K., Martini, M., Hettegger, S. E., Kronbichler, M., Flor, H., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2388429 · Cited by 3
Impacts of traumatic lifetime event on the likelihood of divorce
Rezapour, M., & Preprint, A. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00272-w · Cited by 2
“Also, we used the 29-item measure of traumatic life experience, which is related to traumatic life experience inventory, adopted from previous studies [39] [13].”
Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of strength at home in Israel: A trauma informed intervention for intimate partner violence based on a social-information processing model
Gilbar, O., Cohen, L., Smethurst, M. A., Creech, S. K., Azaria-Mizrachi, Z., Ben-Gal, N., & Taft, C. T. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107775 · Cited by 2
Monthly Mental Health Self-Monitoring and Positive Changes in Mental Health Disorder Symptoms Scores Among Royal Canadian Mounted Police Cadets
Teckchandani, T. A., Shields, R. E., Andrews, K. L., Nisbet, J., Afifi, T. O., Asmundson, G. J. G., Maguire, K. Q., Jamshidi, L., Neary, J. P., Krätzig, G. P., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-025-00231-w · Cited by 4
“The TLEQ has adequate convergent and content validity, as well as test–retest reliability (Kubany et al., 2000).”
A systematic review on the assessment of pregnancy-specific psychological trauma during pregnancy: A call to action
Givrad, S., Wall, K. M., Goldman, L. W., Shin, J. Y., Novak, E. H., Lowell, A. F., Penner, F., Day, M. J., Papa, L., Wright, D., et al. (2025) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2025.100451 · Cited by 3
Advancing the Study of Adverse Adult Experiences: A Validation Study of the Adult Experiences Survey
Mersky, J. P., Lee, C. P., & Liu, X. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00817-0 · Cited by 2
“There are also many compre - hensive trauma screeners and checklists (Gray et al., 2004; Hooper et al., 2011 ; Kubany et al., 2000 ; Nijenhuis et al., 2002 ); these measures typically focus on potentially trau - matic events that qualify as Criterion A stressors associated with the diagnosis of…”

Authors: Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-224
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
OpenAlex: W1987849657
Cited by: 1,102
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 6.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: trauma exposure, potentially traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder, questionnaire development, temporal stability, university students, Vietnam War veterans, battered women
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Trauma Severity Indices

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

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