Cited by 1,102Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Abuse and Trauma

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

Kubany, Edward S., Leisen, Mary Beth, Kaplan, Aaron S., Watson, Susan B., Haynes, Stephen N., Owens, Julie A., Burns, Katie·2000·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210

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Abstract

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of a brief questionnaire that assesses exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events. Items were generated from multiple sources of information. Events were described in behaviorally descriptive terms, consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV posttraumatic stress disorder stressor criterion A1. When events were endorsed, respondents were asked if they experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (stressor criterion A2). In separate studies with college students, Vietnam veterans, battered women, and residents of a substance abuse program, most items possessed adequate to excellent temporal stability. In a study comparing questionnaire and structured-interview inquiries of trauma history, the 2 formats yielded similar rates of disclosure. Preliminary data on positive predictive power are also presented.

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Background
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Method
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“This is a possible confound and could have been measured with the traumatic events questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
Socio-neuro risk factors for suicidal behavior in criminal offenders with psychotic disorders
Harenski, C. L., Brook, M. A., Kosson, D. S., Bustillo, J., Harenski, K. A., Caldwell, M. F., Rybroek, G. J. V., Koenigs, M. R., Decety, J., Thornton, D. M., et al. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw164 · Cited by 22
“Early abuse was assessed using a modified version of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000; http://www.bhevolution.org).”
BackgroundMethod
Brain Structural Covariance Network Topology in Remitted Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Sun, D., Davis, S. L., Haswell, C. C., Swanson, C. A., Workgroup, M.-A. M., LaBar, K. S., Fairbank, J. A., & Morey, R. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00090 · Cited by 24
“Participants previously completed questionnaires upon entering the repository that were available for this study to assess traumatic life events [Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) (38)], combat exposure [Combat Exposure Scale (CES) (39)], depressive symptoms [Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (40)], and s…”
MethodInfluential
Impulse Control Difficulties and Hostility Toward Women as Predictors of Relationship Violence Perpetration in an Undergraduate Male Sample
Gildner, D. J., Kirwan, M., Pickett, S. M., & Parkhill, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518792972 · Cited by 21
“Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
Background
Differences in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Post-9/11 Veterans with Blast- and Non-Blast Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Ryan-Gonzalez, C., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., Gordon, E. M., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., Elliott, T. R., & Morissette, S. B. (2018) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5590 · Cited by 22
“35 This measure assesses frequency of exposure to 22 different potential traumatic events experienced outside of the military.”
The association of resilience on psychiatric, substance use, and physical health outcomes in combat trauma-exposed military service members and veterans
Sheerin, C. M., Amstadter, A. B., Kurtz, E. D., Bountress, K. E., Stratton, K. J., McDonald, S. D., & Workgroup, M.-A. V. M. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1625700 · Cited by 25
“The resilience variable in the present study utilized two separate measures: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) and the Symptom Checklist-90 Item-Revised (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1992).”
BackgroundMethod
Early life trauma is associated with altered white matter integrity and affective control
Corbo, V., Amick, M. M., Milberg, W., McGlinchey, R. E., & Salat, D. H. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.05.001 · Cited by 22
The Relationship Between Assault and Physical Health Complaints in a Sample of Female Drinkers
Bedard‐Gilligan, M. A., Cronce, J. M., Lehavot, K., Blayney, J. A., & Kaysen, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513507139 · Cited by 22
“Trauma history was assessed via the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES; Koss & Oros, 1982), the Childhood Victimization Questionnaire (CVQ; Finkelhor, 1979), and Traumatic Life Experiences Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
A Measure of Perceived Chronic Social Adversity: Development and Validation
Zhang, J., Ding, C., Tang, Y., Zhang, C., & Yang, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02168 · Cited by 21
“Unlike existing measures of trauma/stress history, such as Post-traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (Foa, 1995), the life stressor checklist (Norris and Hamblen, 2004), the life event checklist (Weathers et al., 2013), the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000), and the Trauma History Screen (Carlson…”
Background
Predicting Change in Posttraumatic Distress Through Change in Coping Self-Efficacy After Using the My Trauma Recovery eHealth Intervention: Laboratory Investigation
Benight, C. C., Shoji, K., Yeager, C. M., Weisman, P., & Boult, T. E. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10309 · Cited by 21
The “3 Es” of trauma‐informed care in a federally qualified health center: Traumatic Event ‐ and Experience ‐related predictors of physical and mental health Effects among female patients
Lathan, E. C., Selwyn, C. N., & Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22488 · Cited by 20
Corticolimbic Modulation via Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation as a Novel Treatment for Functional Movement Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Spagnolo, P., Parker, J. A., Horovitz, S., & Hallett, M. (2021) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci11060791 · Cited by 21
“The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) [55] and the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) [56] were administered to assess exposure to stressful events during early life and adulthood.”
Method
Development and validation of the Dimensional Inventory of Stress and Trauma Across the Lifespan (DISTAL): A novel assessment tool to facilitate the dimensional study of psychobiological sequelae of exposure to adversity
Cohodes, E. M., McCauley, S., Pierre, J. C., Hodges, H. R., Haberman, J. T., Santiuste, I., Rogers, M. K., Wang, J., Mandell, J. D., & Gee, D. G. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22372 · Cited by 21
Diagnostic accuracy of three scoring methods for the Davidson Trauma Scale among U.S. military Veterans
McDonald, S. D., Thompson, N. L., Stratton, K. J., & Calhoun, P. S. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.004 · Cited by 21
Moderate antenatal anxiety symptoms and birth outcomes of boys and girls
Kaitz, M., Mankuta, D., Rokem, A. M., & Faraone, S. V. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2014.952279 · Cited by 21
“Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ [39]).”
Psychogenic Explanations of Physical Illness
Wilshire, C. E., & Ward, T. J. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616645540 · Cited by 20
Child sexual abuse, coping strategies and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder among female inmates
Huang, G., Zhang, Y., Momartin, S., Huang, X., & Zhao, L. (2008) · International Journal of Prisoner Health · doi:10.1080/17449200701875840 · Cited by 21
Retrospective Measures of Childhood Abuse: Concurrent Validity and Reliability in a Nonclinical Sample with Borderline Features
Durrett, C. A., Trull, T. J., & Silk, K. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.178.32778 · Cited by 21
The Relationship between Intimate Partner Violence and Suicidal Ideation among Young Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese American Women
Maru, M., Saraiya, T., Lee, C. S., Meghani, O., Hien, D., & Hahm, H. C. (2018) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2018.1430381 · Cited by 21
“Lifetime childhood sexual and/or physical abuse was measured using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
Military Sexual Trauma and Intimate Partner Violence: Subtypes, Associations, and Gender Differences
Relyea, M., Portnoy, G. A., Combellick, J. L., Brandt, C., & Haskell, S. G. (2019) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00079-7 · Cited by 21
PTSD and complex PTSD in treatment-seeking Danish soldiers: a replication of Folke et al. (2019) using the International Trauma Questionnaire
Folke, S., Nielsen, A. B. S., & Karstoft, K. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1930703 · Cited by 20
PTSD symptom clusters and cardiovascular responses to stress: Reactivity and recovery
Lee, S. Y., Park, C. L., Cılhoroz, B., & Pescatello, L. S. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110996 · Cited by 20
Intergenerational transmission of stress: Multi-domain stressors from maternal childhood and pregnancy predict children’s mental health in a racially and socioeconomically diverse, multi-site cohort
Bush, N. R., Noroña-Zhou, A. N., Coccia, M., Rudd, K. L., Ahmad, S. I., Loftus, C. T., Swan, S. H., Nguyen, R. H. N., Barrett, E. S., Tylavsky, F. A., et al. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02401-z · Cited by 21
“Exposure to trauma during childhood was assessed retrospectively during the pregnancy period via a maternal report on three items from the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire, Version 2 (TLEQ 2; [36] that were asked within each of the three cohorts.”
Longitudinal study of traumatic-stress related cellular and cognitive aging
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Hawn, S. E., Zhao, X., Wallander, S., McCormick, B. A., Govan, C., Rasmusson, A. M., Stone, A., Schichman, S. A., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.009 · Cited by 20
Placental transcriptomic signatures of prenatal and preconceptional maternal stress
Baker, B. H., Freije, S. L., MacDonald, J. W., Bammler, T. K., Benson, C., Carroll, K. N., Enquobahrie, D. A., Karr, C. J., LeWinn, K. Z., Zhao, Q., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02403-6 · Cited by 21
“The cryovials were stored at − 80°C, and the fetal villous tissue was manually dissected and cleared of maternal decidua.”
Method
Impact of Daily Assessments on Distress and PTSD Symptoms in Trauma-Exposed Women
Pedersen, E. R., Kaysen, D. L., Lindgren, K. P., Blayney, J. A., & Simpson, T. L. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513505705 · Cited by 20
“We assessed childhood or adult sexual victimization based on the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss & Oros, 1982) and the Childhood Victimization Questionnaire (CVQ; Finkelhor, 1979), and assessed for other trauma exposure using the Traumatic Life Experiences Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
Method
Psychosocial Risk Factors and Other Than Honorable Military Discharge: Providing Healthcare to Previously Ineligible Veterans
Elbogen, E. B., Wagner, H. R., Brancu, M., Kimbrel, N. A., Naylor, J. C., Swinkels, C. M., Workgroup, V. M.-A. M., & Fairbank, J. A. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usx128 · Cited by 20
Emotional distress when studying sensitive topics in psychology, and its relationship with hardiness and mental health
Leslie, C., & Hutchinson, A. D. (2018) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2018.1436525 · Cited by 20
“Kubany and associates (2000) found good test–retest reliability and convergent validity (Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Sex Role Ideology, Relationship Context, and Response to Sexual Coercion in College Females
Faulkner, G. E., Kolts, R. L., & Hicks, G. F. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9435-1 · Cited by 19
A Cross-Lagged Panel Approach to Understanding Social Support and Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Veterans: Assessment Modality Matters
Woodward, M. J., Morissette, S. B., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., & Beck, J. G. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.01.004 · Cited by 20
Varying Cautionary Instructions, Monetary Incentives, and Comorbid Diagnostic Training in Malingered Psychopathology Research
Elhai, J. D., Butcher, J. J., Reeves, A. N., Baugher, S. N., Gray, M. J., Jacobs, G. A., Fricker-Elhai, A. E., North, T. C., & Arbisi, P. A. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701332136 · Cited by 23
“The LEC’s items also demonstrated convergent validity with the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000; mean kappa coefficient was .51) and predicted PTSD symptomatology using the PTSD Checklist (PCL; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993) and Modified PTSD Symptom Scale (Falsetti, Resnick, Res…”
Method
Association of Childhood Sexual Abuse with Adolescent’s Psychopathology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hashim, M., Iqbal, N., Halligan, S. L., Alimoradi, Z., Pfaltz, M. C., Farooqi, S. R., Khan, I., Galán, C. A., & Vostanis, P. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241281365 · Cited by 23
“Other scales used to measure CSA included the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (Finkelhor et al., 2005), Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000), Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (Bifulco et al., 2005), and Child Protective Services records, among others.”
Methodology of AA CRASH: a prospective observational study evaluating the incidence and pathogenesis of adverse post-traumatic sequelae in African-Americans experiencing motor vehicle collision
Linnstaedt, S. D., Hu, J., Liu, A. Y., Soward, A. C. M., Bollen, K. A., Wang, H. E., Hendry, P. L., Zimny, E., Lewandowski, C., Velilla, M., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012222 · Cited by 19

Authors: Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-224
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
OpenAlex: W1987849657
Cited by: 1,102
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 6.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: trauma exposure, potentially traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder, questionnaire development, temporal stability, university students, Vietnam War veterans, battered women
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Trauma Severity Indices

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

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