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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.
Abstract
This article describes the development and preliminary validation of a brief questionnaire that assesses exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events. Items were generated from multiple sources of information. Events were described in behaviorally descriptive terms, consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV posttraumatic stress disorder stressor criterion A1. When events were endorsed, respondents were asked if they experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (stressor criterion A2). In separate studies with college students, Vietnam veterans, battered women, and residents of a substance abuse program, most items possessed adequate to excellent temporal stability. In a study comparing questionnaire and structured-interview inquiries of trauma history, the 2 formats yielded similar rates of disclosure. Preliminary data on positive predictive power are also presented.
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“the authors developed a self-report checklist based on the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000) and the Gaza Traumatic Events Scale (Vostanis et al., 2008).”
From Traumatic Events, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Post-Traumatic Growth among University Students in Kabul City (2025) · cites this paper as Kubany et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“trauma history was assessed using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ)28.”
From Elevated brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study (2013) · cites this paper as [28]
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Trauma and health-related quality of life in patients with functional seizures
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Darnell, B. C., & Valentiner, D. P. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619885436 · Cited by 2
“40 or higher for 15 of 16 items compared with a structured interview with the same content (Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPre-military abuse, mental health, and hazardous alcohol use among military personnel
Hollis, B. F., Kelley, M. L., & Bravo, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2016.1177613 · Cited by 2
“Sexual and physical abuse prior to military service Pre-military abuse was assessed using a modified version of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
MethodDistress, Grief, and Functionality following Military Unit Suicide Exposure
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“This dichotomized scoring based on traumatic experience that “happened to” the participant has been validated with the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Gray et al., 2004; Kubany et al., 2000).”
MethodPotential Traumatic Events through the Life Cycle in an Immigrant Population
Dong, G. C., & Li, M. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6020039 · Cited by 2
“The life events evaluated in our study are adopted from the traumatic life events questionnaire [28] and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire [29].”
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“This assessment asks 17 questions regarding upsetting events that sometimes happen to people [43].”
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Assessment of Anxiety with Asians
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Liu, N., Cao, Y., Qiao, H., Ma, H., Li, J., Luο, X., Li, C.-S. R., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, N. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518764103 · Cited by 2
“…that possibly trigger PTSD, such as war, natural accidents, vehicle accidents, being assaulted, robbed, spousal or IPV, childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, and so on, consistent with the DSM-IV PTSD Diagnostic Criteria A1 (Kubany et al., 2000; Peirce, Burke, Stoller, Neufeld, & Brooner, 2009).”
MethodHimmerich, S. J., Seligowski, A. V., & Orcutt, H. K. (2019) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2019.1597811 · Cited by 2
Nicely, S. (2019) · Digital Commons - Andrews University (Andrews University) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/1674 · Cited by 2
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Reizer, A., Koslowsky, M., & Antilevich-Steg, R. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-51206/v1 · Cited by 2
Clancy, K. J., Chen, X., Song, X., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.25320595 · Cited by 2
“The TLEQ is a self-report assessment of lifetime traumas [28], each rated for occurrence (yes/no) and frequency.”
Military Sexual Trauma Exposure and Heart Rate Variability Outcomes in Female Veterans
Lee, E. (2011) · doi:10.21007/etd.cghs.2011.0174 · Cited by 2
“Traumatic events are described as stressful, threatening experiences that create a sense of horror or helplessness (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2009), such as crime victimization experiences (Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundHetzel‐Riggin, M. D., Landers, K., Hinton, S., & Heukeshoven, H. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-020-00732-2 · Cited by 1
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“Additional assessments such as the Life Events Checklist (Gray et al., 2004) and Traumatic Live Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000) are available to measure exposure to IPV and other potentially traumatic events throughout the life course.”
BackgroundMcKay, M. T., Healy, C., Chambers, D., Dodd, P. C., O’Donnell, L., Cannon, M. D., & Clarke, M. C. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221116573 · Cited by 1
“, 1997) or the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodAssociated Factors of Worrying About Loneliness Before Death
Rezapour, M., Dehzangi, A., & Castanien, O. C. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221135682 · Cited by 2
“” , adopted from past studies e.g., (Kubany et al., 2000).”
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“Specifically, studies using the TLEQ ( n = 3) and SAEQ ( n = 1), which includes also exposure to family violence, reported the highest rates of child maltreatment (59.7%–68.5%; Curry et al., 2021, Luterek et al., 2011; Scott et al., 2014; Strauss et al., 2011); studies using other self-report measures, such as single…”
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Patten, R. V., DeCesare, C. D., Chan, L. C. N., Colling, K., Goode, K., Gorbatov, A., Philip, N. S., & LaFrance, W. C., Jr. (2025) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2025.2503251 · Cited by 2
Lee, S. Y., Gathright, E. C., Cılhoroz, B., Arms, S. C., Pescatello, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107503 · Cited by 1
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) assessed lifetime exposure to 17 different types of traumatic events with the option to report an unlisted event.”
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Kartal, E., Scott, J. A., & Morein‐Zamir, S. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70003 · Cited by 1
“The scale has moderate test–retest reliability and good convergent validity (Gray et al., 2004; Kubany et al., 2000; Pugach et al., 2021).”
Bernanke, A., Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., & Bourassa, K. J. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116654 · Cited by 1
Garnsey, C. L., Park, C. L., Magin, Z. E., Russell, B. S., & Milan, S. (2025) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2025.2539169 · Cited by 1
“Criterion A Events experienced over the course of the study period were measured at T2 with the 14 items from the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire that assess exposure to Criterion A traumas (see footnote in introduction for examples of Criterion A traumas; TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000).”
Eibl, M., & Turliuc, M. N. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2561738 · Cited by 1
The experience of trauma in people with severe psychiatric conditions: A gender perspective
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Mavridoglou, E., Missouridou, E., Gkremou, M. E., et al. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03402-1_10 · Cited by 1
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Morrison, M., Weatherly, C., & Trautmann, A. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261421968 · Cited by 1
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Peirce, J. M., Schacht, R. L., Brooner, R. K., King, V. L., & KIDORF, M. S. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.010 · Cited by 1
“[PubMed: 23617871] Kubany ES, Haynes SN, Leisen MB, Owens JA, Kaplan AS, Watson SB, Burns K. Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.”
MethodInfluentialTrauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Lee, D. J., Kleiman, S. E., & Weathers, F. W. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.014 · Cited by 1
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Pagel, J. F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55909-0_2 · Cited by 1
Cavalcante, Y. A., Lopes, M. V. D. O., da Silva, V. M., & Cardoso, M. V. L. M. L. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Knowledge · doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12358 · Cited by 1
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McRoberts, R., & Epstein, J. (2023) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2023.2232730 · Cited by 1
“Convergent validity of the LEC has been measured through comparison with similar measures such as the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000), with a total scale correlation of r = −.55, p .001, and has demonstrated strong convergence with the PTSD Checklist (F. Weathers et al., 1991), and the PTSD C…”
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Psychometric evaluation of a novel measure of trauma-related cannabis use to cope
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“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) was used to assess trauma history.”
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“…(intercept) of life satisfaction, physical health, and mental health Note: Participants were asked to report all traumatic events they were exposed to during their lifetime using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) but not with the change (slope) in these outcomes.”
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Valdez, C. E., & Lilly, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519829273 · Cited by 1
“Traumatic experiences and an index interpersonal traumatic event were identified using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000), a 23-item broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure.”
MethodAssessment of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Lee, D. J., Kleiman, S. E., & Weathers, F. W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235433.025 · Cited by 2
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“…whether the event was indeed a traumatic one (e.g., “I had a difficult and traumatic experience in the army” and “A parent recently died”), Previous work suggested that a structured inquiry of traumatic history yielded results comparable to a trauma-focused questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000).”
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“^ The QME may also administer a standardized questionnaire, such as the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000); or, the QME may have a list of traumatic events that she has created herself (which, as previously described, would be psychometrically problematic), which is far more or less extensive, t…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2000
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 210-224
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W1987849657
- Cited by
- 1,102
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 6.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- trauma exposure, potentially traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder, questionnaire development, temporal stability, university students, Vietnam War veterans, battered women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Trauma Severity Indices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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