Cited by 1,102Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild Abuse and Trauma

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

Kubany, Edward S., Leisen, Mary Beth, Kaplan, Aaron S., Watson, Susan B., Haynes, Stephen N., Owens, Julie A., Burns, Katie·2000·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210

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Abstract

This article describes the development and preliminary validation of a brief questionnaire that assesses exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events. Items were generated from multiple sources of information. Events were described in behaviorally descriptive terms, consistent with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV posttraumatic stress disorder stressor criterion A1. When events were endorsed, respondents were asked if they experienced intense fear, helplessness, or horror (stressor criterion A2). In separate studies with college students, Vietnam veterans, battered women, and residents of a substance abuse program, most items possessed adequate to excellent temporal stability. In a study comparing questionnaire and structured-interview inquiries of trauma history, the 2 formats yielded similar rates of disclosure. Preliminary data on positive predictive power are also presented.

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Method
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Background
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Method
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BackgroundInfluential
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Retracted
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Influential
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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Background
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BackgroundMethod
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
Coping Functions of Prayer and Posttraumatic Growth
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“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000) assesses lifetime exposure to 23 types of traumatic events (e.”
Influential
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Method
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Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, intimate partner violence perpetration, and the mediating role of shame processing bias
Sippel, L. M., & Marshall, A. D. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.002 · Cited by 66
“The TLEQ has demonstrated adequate levels of test–retest reliability and good content validity (Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethod
Suffering, Mental Health, and Psychological Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Adults With Chronic Health Conditions
Cowden, R. G., Davis, E. B., Counted, V., Chen, Y., Rueger, S. Y., VanderWeele, T. J., Lemke, A. W., Glowiak, K. J., & Worthington, E. L. (2021) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2021.100048 · Cited by 55
Smoking in help-seeking veterans with PTSD returning from Afghanistan and Iraq
Kirby, A. C., Hertzberg, B. P., Collie, C. F., Yeatts, B., Dennis, M. F., McDonald, S. D., Calhoun, P. S., & Beckham, J. C. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.007 · Cited by 56
Alcohol use and trauma exposure among male and female veterans before, during, and after military service
Kelley, M. L., Runnals, J. J., Pearson, M. R., Miller, M. M., Fairbank, J. A., & Brancu, M. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.002 · Cited by 56
“AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II; DTS = Davidson Trauma Scale; TLEQ = Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire; CES = Combat Exposure Scale.”
Influential
The retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene and fear-related psychopathology
Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Logue, M. W., & Baldwin, C. T. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.022 · Cited by 56
“Participants reported exposure to a wide variety of traumatic events on the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000) with most participants endorsing exposure to mulitple events over the course of their lifespans.”
What we talk about when we talk about trauma: Content overlap and heterogeneity in the assessment of trauma exposure
Karstoft, K., & Armour, C. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22880 · Cited by 52
“For example, the TLEQ includes miscarriage, the TSS includes “impor-tant change,” and the THS includes sudden abandonment by a partner (Carlson et al., 2011; Kubany et al., 2000; Norris, 1990).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) With Substance Use in Young Adults: A Systematic Review
Sebalo, I., Königová, M. P., Vňuková, M., Anders, M., & Ptáček, R. (2023) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/11782218231193914 · Cited by 76
Childhood traumatic stress and obesity in women: The intervening effects of PTSD and MDD
Dedert, E. A., Becker, M. E., Fuemmeler, B. F., Braxton, L. E., Calhoun, P. S., & Beckham, J. C. (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20584 · Cited by 61
Cognitive trauma therapy for formerly battered women with PTSD: Conceptual bases and treatment outlines
Kubany, E. S., & Watson, S. B. (2002) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(02)80005-0 · Cited by 54
Self-citation
A genome-wide association study of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation in U.S. military veterans
Kimbrel, N. A., Garrett, M. E., Dennis, M. F., Hauser, M. A., Ashley-Koch, A. E., & Beckham, J. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.017 · Cited by 52
“Logistic regression was used to test for associations between SNPs and lifetime suicide attempts and current suicidal ideation after controlling for age, race, combat exposure (Keane, 1989), childhood sexual trauma (Kubany et al., 2000), PTSD, and depression (see Table 1).”
Method
Fight, flight, and freeze: Threat sensitivity and emotion dysregulation in survivors of chronic childhood maltreatment
Thompson, K. L., Hannan, S. M., & Miron, L. R. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.005 · Cited by 66
The Potential Indirect Effect of Childhood Abuse on Posttrauma Pathology Through Self-Compassion and Fear of Self-Compassion
Miron, L. R., Seligowski, A. V., Boykin, D. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0493-0 · Cited by 67
“Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) (Kubany et al. 2000a) is a brief measure of trauma exposure.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Gender differences in the correlates of hazardous drinking among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.
Scott, J., Pietrzak, R., Mattocks, K. M., Southwick, S., Brandt, C., & Haskell, S. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.003 · Cited by 55
Reduced cortical thickness in veterans exposed to early life trauma
Corbo, V., Salat, D. H., Amick, M. M., Leritz, E. C., Milberg, W., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2014) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.04.013 · Cited by 57
Prevalence and characteristics of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in female prisoners in China.
Huang, G., Zhang, Y., Momartin, S., Cao, Y., & Zhao, L. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.04.004 · Cited by 53
Posttraumatic reactions to psychosis: a qualitative analysis.
Lu, W., Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Yanos, P. T., & Mahmoud, N. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00129 · Cited by 52
The Perinatal Mental Health of Indigenous Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Owais, S., Faltyn, M., Johnson, A., Gabel, C., Downey, B., Kates, N., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719877029 · Cited by 66
Temporal Stability of Self‐Reported Trauma Exposure on the Life Events Checklist for DSM‐5
Pugach, C. P., Nomamiukor, F. O., Gay, N. G., & Wisco, B. E. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22611 · Cited by 52
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity in a sample of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Harrington, K. M., Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Reardon, A. F., Ryabchenko, K. A., & Ofrat, S. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.001 · Cited by 55
Self-injurious behaviour, traumatic life events and alexithymia among treatment-seeking opiate addicts: Prevalence, pattern and correlates
Oyefeso, A. O., Brown, S., Chiang, Y., & Clancy, C. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.004 · Cited by 52
Public Mental Health Clients with Severe Mental Illness and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma Exposure and Correlates of Symptom Severity
Lu, W., Yanos, P. T., Silverstein, S. M., Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Gottlieb, J. D., Marcello, S. C., Kularatne, T., Dove‐Williams, S., Paterno, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21791 · Cited by 52
“Within a 31-month period, 851 clients endorsed at least one traumatic event on the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), had a total PCL score of at least 45 indicating probable PTSD, had a chart diagnosis of an Axis I diagnosis other than substance use disorder, and expressed an interest in the study.”
The association of serotonin receptor 3A methylation with maternal violence exposure, neural activity, and child aggression
Schechter, D. S., Moser, D. A., Perizzolo, V. C., Aue, T., Stenz, L., Paoloni‐Giacobino, A., Adouan, W., Manini, A., Suardi, F., Vital, M., et al. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.009 · Cited by 52
Disruption of white matter structural integrity and connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder: A TBSS and tractography study: O lson et al .
Olson, E. A., Cui, J., Fukunaga, R., Nickerson, L. D., Rauch, S. L., & Rosso, I. M. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22615 · Cited by 52
“All participants completed the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ: Kubany et al., 2000), a 23-item self-report questionnaire assessing lifetime exposure to a variety of potentially traumatic events.”
The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Emotional Reactivity and Numbing Scale
Orsillo, S. M., Theodore‐Oklota, C., Luterek, J. A., & Plumb, J. C. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318156816f · Cited by 54
“The DEQ has demonstrated high internal constancy ( 0.88–0.91), good short-term stability ( 0.95), and strong convergent validity with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Kubany et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Prospective effects of traumatic event re‐exposure and post‐traumatic stress disorder in syringe exchange participants
Peirce, J. M., Brooner, R. K., Kolodner, K., Schacht, R. L., & KIDORF, M. S. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04003.x · Cited by 50
“The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) [40] was used to assess life-time history of traumatic events at study intake, and new traumatic event exposures at each monthly follow-up.”
MethodInfluential
Anxiety sensitivity and breath-holding duration in relation to PTSD symptom severity among trauma exposed adults
Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Coffey, S. F., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.004 · Cited by 51
BDNF Methylation and Maternal Brain Activity in a Violence-Related Sample
Moser, D. A., Paoloni-Giacobino, A., Stenz, L., Adouan, W., Manini, A., Suardi, F., Cordero, M. I., Vital, M., Sancho Rossignol, A., Rusconi-Serpa, S., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143427 · Cited by 51
Symptom Severity, Alcohol Craving, and Age of Trauma Onset in Childhood and Adolescent Trauma Survivors with Comorbid Alcohol Dependence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Schumacher, J. A., Coffey, S. F., & Stasiewicz, P. R. (2006) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490600996355 · Cited by 50
A relative weights comparison of trauma‐related shame and guilt as predictors of DSM ‐5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity among US veterans and military members
Cunningham, K. C., Davis, J. L., Wilson, S. M., & Resick, P. A. (2017) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12163 · Cited by 50
“Criterion A traumatic events were identified using the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al., 2000), a 23-item self-report checklist of potentially traumatic life events that has demonstrated good psychometric properties.”
Method
Combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and head injuries differentially relate to alterations in cortical thickness in military Veterans
Workgroup, V. M.-A. M., Clausen, A. N., Clarke, E., Phillips, R. D., Haswell, C., & Morey, R. A. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0539-9 · Cited by 49
Trauma, Social Support, Family Conflict, and Chronic Pain in Recent Service Veterans: Does Gender Matter?
Driscoll, M., Higgins, D. M., Seng, E. K., Buta, E., Goulet, J. L., Heapy, A. A., Kerns, R. D., Brandt, C., & Haskell, S. G. (2015) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12744 · Cited by 52
Cumulative life stress in chronic fatigue syndrome
Nater, U. M., Maloney, E. M., Heim, C. C., & Reeves, W. C. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.015 · Cited by 47
The roles of spirituality in the relationship between traumatic life events, mental health, and drug use among African American women from one southern state.
Staton-Tindall, M., Duvall, J., Stevens-Watkins, D., & Oser, C. B. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.799023 · Cited by 48
“…well-being Spiritual well-being scale (Paloutzian & Ellison, 1982) Trauma exposure Exposure to traumatic events Traumatic life events questionnaire (Kubany et al., 2000) Dependent variables Mental health Depression past 30 days – yes/no Addiction severity index (Mclellan et al., 1980) Anxiety past…”
Depression, Posttraumatic Stress, and Risk Factors Following Spinal Cord Injury
Schönenberg, M., Reimitz, M., Jusyte, A., Maier, D. D., Badke, A., & Hautzinger, M. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-012-9284-8 · Cited by 52
“Table 1 (continued) Variable Current depression (diagnosis) Univariate linear regression (criterion: depression severity) Multivariate linear regression (criterion: depression severity) Yes (N013) No (N089) B (SE) β B (SE) β Yes 1 (7.70) 5 (5.60) No 12 (92.30) 84 (94.40) Additional traumatization (TLEQ), n (”
MethodInfluential
CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE RECEPTOR 2 (CRHR-2) GENE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED RISK AND SEVERITY OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN WOMEN
Wolf, E. J., Mitchell, K. S., Logue, M. W., Baldwin, C. T., Reardon, A. F., Humphries, D. E., & Miller, M. W. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22176 · Cited by 49
“[53]The TLEQ is a self-report instrument that assesses history of exposure to 22 different types of traumatic experiences that meet the DSM-IV PTSD Criterion A1 definition of trauma.”
BackgroundMethod

Authors: Kubany, E. S., Leisen, M. B., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., Haynes, S. N., Owens, J. A., & Burns, K.
Affiliations: United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-224
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.210
OpenAlex: W1987849657
Cited by: 1,102
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 50
FWCI: 6.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: trauma exposure, potentially traumatic events, post-traumatic stress disorder, questionnaire development, temporal stability, university students, Vietnam War veterans, battered women
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Trauma Severity Indices

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Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.

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