The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction
Abstract
Would people exhibit similarity-attraction and consistency-attraction toward unambiguously computer-generated speech even when personality is clearly not relevant? In Experiment 1, participants (extrovert or introvert) heard a synthesized voice (extrovert or introvert) on a book-buying Web site. Participants accurately recognized personality cues in text to speech and showed similarity-attraction in their evaluation of the computer voice, the book reviews, and the reviewer. Experiment 2, in a Web auction context, added personality of the text to the previous design. The results replicated Experiment 1 and demonstrated consistency (voice and text personality)-attraction. To maximize liking and trust, designers should set parameters, for example, words per minute or frequency range, that create a personality that is consistent with the user and the content being presented.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Much of the relevant research has focused on imbuing voice-based, embodied, and robot-based chatbots with personalities using nonverbal cues, such as gestures [20,21] gaze [22], voice tone and speed [23], and proximity [24].”
From Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
Cites
Picard, R. W. (1997) · MIT Press · doi:10.7551/mitpress/1140.001.0001 · Cited by 7,382
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3702 · Cited by 4,872
Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022
Self-citationA psychological taxonomy of trait‐descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain
Wiggins, J. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.3.395 · Cited by 1,596
Speech style and social evaluation
Giles, H., & Powesland, P. F. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,192
Aronson, E. (1972) · Cited by 931
The elements of computer credibility
Fogg, B. J., & Tseng, H. (1999) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/302979.303001 · Cited by 880
The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation
Thomas, F. R., & Johnston, O. (1995) · Cited by 738
Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices
Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Green, N. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x · Cited by 670
Self-citationCan computer personalities be human personalities?
Nass, C., Moon, Y., Fogg, B. J., Reeves, B. B., & Dryer, D. C. (1995) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1995.1042 · Cited by 621
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Fiske, 1991, Social cognition.
- Langer, 1989, Mindfulness.
- Scherer, 1979, Personality markers in speech., 147
- Slobin, 1979, Psycholinguistics
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 522
Alignment in Decision-Making Attributes Predicts Trust and Delegation to AI Systems
Summerville, A. L., de Visser, E. J., McVay, J., Martí, L., Leung, A., & Widmer, C. L. (2025) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/15553434251390012 · Cited by 4
Liew, T. W., Tan, S.-M., & Seydali, R. (2014) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.2190/et.42.3.e · Cited by 3
Ferchow, S., Haase, M., Krüger, J., Vogel, M., Wahl, M., & Frommer, J. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40406-6_30 · Cited by 3
Buker, A. A. N., & Vinciarelli, A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100026 · Cited by 3
Joshi, S., Malavalli, A. S., & Rao, S. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285749 · Cited by 4
Ravindran, S., Ramar, A., Balaraman, S. S., Sankar, M. P., Ahmed, M. A. A., & Salama, E. A. A. (2023) · ACS Agricultural Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00326 · Cited by 3
Linguistic patterning of laughter in human-socialbot interactions
Booker, N. P., Cohn, M., & Zellou, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1346738 · Cited by 4
Role-based coordinating communication for effective human-robot task collaborations
Clair, A. S., & Matarić, M. J. (2013) · International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS) · doi:10.1109/cts.2013.6567236 · Cited by 3
CONSOLIDATED MODEL OF VISUAL AESTHETICS ATTRIBUTES FOR SENSE-BASED USER EXPERIENCE
Bahrin, A. S., Bakar, J. A. A., & Yaakub, A. R. (2015) · Jurnal Teknologi · doi:10.11113/jt.v77.6808 · Cited by 3
Personality assessment as a measure of nonhuman mental capacities: A study in anthropomorphism
Sobel, B. M., & Sims, V. K. (2020) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1071181320641268 · Cited by 3
On the Potential of Modular Voice Conversion for Virtual Agents
Mertes, S., Kiderle, T., Schlagowski, R., Lingenfelser, F., & André, E. (2021) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw52867.2021.9666349 · Cited by 3
Conceptual model of game aesthetics for perceived learning in narrative games
Bakar, J. A. A., Ahmad, M. K., Zulkifli, A. N., & Bahrin, A. S. (2016) · International Conference on User Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/iuser.2016.7857944 · Cited by 4
Voice-based conversational agents for sensing and support: Examples from academia and industry
Bérubé, C., & Fleisch, E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90045-4.00017-4 · Cited by 4
Impact of voice variation in speech-based in-vehicle systems on attitude and driving behaviour
Jonsson, I.-M., & Dahlbaeck, N. (2010) · Cited by 3
Enhancing Information Awareness Through Speech Induced Anthropomorphism
Jorge, N. (2001) · Cited by 3
Speaker/Gender Effect: Impact of the Speaker's Gender on Learning with Narrated Animations
Gerjets, P. H., Linek, S. B., & Scheiter, K. (2006) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Wyant, K., Sant'Ana, S. J. K., Punturieri, C., Yu, J., Fronk, G. E., Maggard, C. M., Janssen, C., Wanta, S. E., Kornfield, R., Swol, L. M. V., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/81697 · Cited by 2
Mohammed, A. M., McCarthy, M., Neumann, C., Bruder, G., Reiners, D., & Cruz‐Neira, C. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791902 · Cited by 3
Extroversion-Introversion Design of Social Robots: The Role of the Mental Model Attribution Process
Oberhofer, V. M., Seeber, I., & Waizenegger, L. (2026) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1007/s10726-026-09990-z · Cited by 3
Speech Interfaces and Pilot Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Ward, K. A. (2019) · International Journal of Aviation Aeronautics and Aerospace · doi:10.15394/ijaaa.2019.1305 · Cited by 2
Lim, H., Gao, M., Li, F. M., Dang, N. A., Sit, I., Olson, M. L., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757597 · Cited by 2
Tricking into Trusting? The Influence of Social Cues of a Generative AI on Perceived Trust
Krämer, N. C., Lamia, I., Siegert, H., Wenda, F., & Suchmann, L. B. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3771844 · Cited by 3
‘User as Assessor’ Approach to Embodied Conversational Agents
Nass, C., Robles, E., & Wang, Q. (2004) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/1-4020-2730-3_6 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHuman Responses to Machine- Generated Speech with Emotional Content
Ilves, M. (2013) · Cited by 2
Mood, Music, and Involvement: The Moderating Effects of Personality
Kallinen, K., Saari, T., Ravaja, N., & Laarni, J. (2005) · Cited by 2
Campos‐Castillo, C. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-901-9.ch009 · Cited by 2
Attitudes toward Computer Synthesized Speech
Mullennix, J. W., & Stern, S. E. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-725-1.ch013 · Cited by 2
Wu, Z., Lin, T., Xu, H., & Tang, N. (2017) · Color Research & Application · doi:10.1002/col.22154 · Cited by 2
Chehayeb, L., Tsovaltzi, D., Arora, R., & Gebhard, P. (2021) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW) · doi:10.1109/aciiw52867.2021.9666343 · Cited by 2
Hess, T. J., Fuller, M. A., & Mathew, J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48713-5_33 · Cited by 2
Robot Personality Design for an Appropriate Response to the Human Partner
Dang, T.-H.-H., Aly, A., & Tapus, A. (2012) · HAL · Cited by 2
Jothilakshmi, S., & Brindha, R. (2016) · International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET) · doi:10.1109/wispnet.2016.7566518 · Cited by 2
Crowdsourcing Ecologically-Valid Dialogue Data for German
Frommherz, Y., & Zarcone, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2021.686050 · Cited by 2
Oduor, K. F. (2007) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 2
Gruber, D. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2
Yücel, Y., & Rızvanoğlu, K. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1905540/v1 · Cited by 2
Factors Affecting Foreign Workers' Turnover Intentions
Myung-Hee, J. U. N. G., & Hwang, G. (2019) · Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business · doi:10.13106/ijidb.2019.vol10.no11.25 · Cited by 1
Adaptive humanoid robot behaviour in a serious game scenario through reinforcement learning
Zedda, E., Manca, M., Paternò, F., & Santoro, C. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2456068 · Cited by 1
How Social Cues in Depression Intervention AI Chatbots Affect Human-Computer Trust
Xu, S., & Ma, T. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93502-2_7 · Cited by 1
Position Paper: Trust, Teamwork and Digital Twins
Pollick, F. E., Bailey, M. E., Kim, J., Freeth, M., Miller, M., & Naidoo, L. (2025) · ACM Workshop on Secure and Trustworthy Cyber-Physical Systems (SaT-CPS) · doi:10.1145/3716816.3727976 · Cited by 1
A model of vocal persona: context, perception, production
Noufi, C., May, L., & Berger, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1575296 · Cited by 3
Wang, W., Lu, Z., Tian, Y., Fang, K., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2025.2592984 · Cited by 1
Byeon, H., Oh, U., & Hsieh, G. (2026) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3786304.3788843 · Cited by 1
Sun, Y., Han, Y., & Lv, L. (2026) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104673 · Cited by 1
Bartosiak, M., & Piccoli, G. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 1
Immersion in interaction based on physical world objects
Imai, M., & Narumi, M. (2005) · Active Media Technology · doi:10.1109/amt.2005.1505414 · Cited by 1
Participation in pedagogical agent design: effects on training outcomes
Thompson, L. F., & Behrend, T. S. (2009) · Cited by 1
The Effect of Gender-Emotion Stereotypes in Communicating Emotion through Affective Agents
Tan, B., & Kangsanant, T. (2006) · Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation · doi:10.1109/cimca.2006.209 · Cited by 1
CONSUMER MOTIVATIONS FOR CREATING AND CONSUMER RESPONSES TO CONSUMER GENERATED ADVERTISING
Campbell, C. (2011) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 1
Speech-Based Personality Assessment
Polzehl, T. (2014) · T-labs series in telecommunication services · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09516-5_2 · Cited by 1
Wells, J. D., Valacich, J. S., & Campbell, D. E. (2008) · Cited by 1
Venkatagiri, H. S. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-725-1.ch003 · Cited by 1
Pittermann, J., Pittermann, A., & Minker, W. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3129-7_1 · Cited by 1
Embrace your incompetence! Designing appropriate CUI communication through an ecological approach
Becker, S., Doyle, P. R., & Edwards, J. (2022) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3543829.3544531 · Cited by 1
Model to Design Affective Conversational Interfaces to Support the Mental Health
Apablaza, J., & Cano, S. P. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35927-9_13 · Cited by 1
Głos jako element tożsamości w hybrydycznej rzeczywistości relacji człowiek – asystent głosowy
Stachyra, G. (2023) · Perspektywy Kultury · doi:10.35765/pk.2023.4203.14 · Cited by 1
Mentor–Protégé Matching Regarding Communication Relates to Career Attitudes
O’Brien, K. E., Mann, K. J., & Woody, B. A. (2024) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/08948453241298651 · Cited by 1
Linek, S. B. (2011) · Advances in game-based learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-495-0.ch029 · Cited by 4
Towards a Method to Classify Language Style for Enhancing Conversational Systems
Cavalin, P., Ribeiro, V. H. A., Vasconcelos, M., Pinhanez, C. S., Nogima, J., & Ferreira, H. (2021) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534090 · Cited by 1
Liao, H.-L., Liu, S.-H., & Lin, C.-W. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Факторы повышения доверия и снижения недоверия человека технике
Akimova, A. Y., & Oboznov, A. A. (2017) · Психологические исследования · doi:10.54359/ps.v10i53.369 · Cited by 1
Multimodal Personality Recognition from Audiovisual Data
Batrinca, L. (2013) · Unitn-eprints PhD (University of Trento) · doi:10.15168/11572_369288 · Cited by 1
Manipulating synthetic voice parameters for navigation in hierarchical structures
Shajahan, P., & Irani, P. (2005) · Cited by 1
Designing human-robot interaction via physical world objects
Imai, M., Ohsawa, H., & Narumi, M. (2006) · IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) · doi:10.1109/arso.2005.1511643 · Cited by 1
Madhavan, P., & Wiegmann, D. A. (2005) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 1
Exploring New Directions In Multi-Modal Spatial Data Access
Hagedorn, D. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26092 · Cited by 1
Patel, H. (2015) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/897 · Cited by 1
Exploring vague language use and voice variation in human-agent interaction
Clark, L. (2016) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 1
Privacy-Aware Internet of Things Notices in Shared Spaces: A SurveyPreprint
Muhander, B. A., Wiese, J., RANA, O. F., & Perera, C. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.13633 · Cited by 3
Cognitive computing systems and public value: The case of chatbots and public service delivery
Makasi, T. (2022) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.230002 · Cited by 1
Gender differences in navigation dialogues with computer systems
Koulouri, T. (2013) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 1
Klarreich, E. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/news011004-3
Making Scientific Topics Simpler: A Web Site for Learning Chaos
Mohammadsharifha, H. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.912
Gender and interface agents in the on-line news
Isotalus, P. (2009) · Communications · doi:10.1515/comm.2009.003
The Benefits of (Automated) Dialogue
Hurling, R., Boni, M. D., & Richardson, A. (2009) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/jthi.2009062504
Developing Voices for Smart Homes: User Personality and Synthetic Voice Interaction
Boye, G. (2007) · ERA
Sevilla, K. (2014) · Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)
Examining the Effectiveness of Hyperaudio Learning Environments
Zumbach, J., & Moser, S. (2016) · Advances in game-based learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0125-1.ch018
Usability engineering for embodied conversational agents with older users
Doolin, S. P. (2014) · Edinburgh Research Archive (University of Edinburgh)
The Influence of Risk on Trust in Automation
Satterfield, K. (2016) · doi:10.13021/mars/6095
Deliverable D5.2 Shell for Emotional Expression
André, E., Gebhard, P., Kulessa, T., & Vala, M. (2002)
Personality Archetypes, Pantomime, Comics: New Methods to Design Interfaces with Human Traits
Pinhanez, C. S. (2019) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32965-5_1
Interactions Between Humans, Virtual Agent Characters and Virtual Avatars
Griffith, T. (2020) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Interactive Privacy Preferences Management for Shared Spaces in Internet of Things.Preprint
Muhander, B. A., Wiese, J., RANA, O. F., & Perera, C. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University)
The Roles of Robots in our Future Society
Zuurbier, Q. L. (2020) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Giving Smart Agents a Voice: How a Smart Agent's Voice Influences Its Relationships with Consumers
Han, Y. (2020) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Covering: Mutable Characteristics and Perceptions of Voice in the U.S. Supreme Court
Chen, D. L., Halberstam, Y., & Yu, A. C. L. (2025) · Journal of law & empirical analysis. · doi:10.1177/2755323x251340759
Reeves, B. B., Hancock, J. T., & Liu, X. (2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000018.supp
Öztürkcan, S., & Merdin‐Uygur, E. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85540-6_20
Humanizing Digital Experiences: Three Essays on the Design of Digital Entities
Schanke, S. (2021) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Dynamic Voice Clones Elicit Consumer Trust
Schanke, S., Burtch, G., & Ray, G. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.538
Examining the Effectiveness of Hyperaudio Learning Environments
Zumbach, J., & Moser, S. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1757-4.ch025
Eysenck, M. W. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315785066
The Benefits of (Automated) Dialogue
Hurling, R., Boni, M. D., & Richardson, A. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-575-9.ch013
Soto-Sanfiel, M. T. (2009) · Revista ICONO14 · doi:10.7195/ri14.v7i2.329
From human-human trust to human-autonomous system trust
Pushparaj, K. (2022) · DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) · doi:10.32657/10356/161893
Metadata
- Authors
- Nass, C., & Lee, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-181
- ISSN
- 1076-898X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2192
- OpenAlex
- W2164772857
- Semantic Scholar
- 97c709ce30c43e4333a89c78d4a48e7b4ce06693
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › AI in Service Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- similarity attraction, person perception, text-to-speech, trust, liking, online reviews, online auctions, extraversion-introversion, speech rate, frequency range
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Introversion, Psychological, Male, Social Perception, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review