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Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: a review of the literature with reference to methodological issues
Abstract
Demonstrating causal relationships has been of particular importance in organizational stress research. Longitudinal studies are typically suggested to overcome problems of reversed causation and third variables (e.g., social desirability and negative affectivity). This article reviews the empirical longitudinal literature and discusses designs and statistical methods used in these studies. Forty-three longitudinal field reports on organizational stress were identified. Most of the investigations used a 2-wave panel design and a hierarchical multiple regression approach. Six studies with 3 and more waves were found. About 50% of the studies analyzed potential strain-stressor (reversed causation) relationships. In about 33% of the studies there was some evidence of reverse causation. The power of longitudinal studies to rule out third variable explanations was not realized in many studies. Procedures of how to analyze longitudinal data are suggested.
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“Longitudinal designs provide stronger evidence, but are prone to residual confounding [[36], [37], [38]] and other forms of bias that limit causal inference [[39], [40], [41], [42], [43]].”
From Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
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Airila, A., Hakanen, J., Schaufeli, W. B., Luukkonen, R. A., Punakallio, A., & Lusa, S. (2014) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2013.872208 · Cited by 246
den Brande, W. V., Baillien, E., Witte, H. D., Elst, T. V., & Godderis, L. (2016) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.06.004 · Cited by 205
Individual Differences, Work Stress and Health
Semmer, N. K., & Meier, L. L. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470682357.ch6 · Cited by 201
Brough, P. (2004) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.11.3.227 · Cited by 199
Weigl, M., Hornung, S., Parker, S. K., Petru, R., Glaser, J., & Angerer, P. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.03.002 · Cited by 209
A Lengthy Look at the Daily Grind: Time Series Analysis of Events, Mood, Stress, and Satisfaction.
Fuller, J. A., Stanton, J. M., Fisher, G. G., Spitzmueller, C., Russell, S. S., & Smith, P. C. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1019 · Cited by 194
Houkes, I., Janssen, P. P. M., JONGE, J. D., & Nijhuis, F. J. N. (2001) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320042000007 · Cited by 194
“However, also longitudinal designs are not able to prove causality and have their own methodological pitfalls and difficulties (Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSverke, M., Låstad, L., Hellgren, J., Richter, A., & Näswall, K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142536 · Cited by 247
“It might be, for instance, that the reactions following stress appraisal [36], psychological contract breach [42], or identity threat [40] manifest at the same time as the job insecurity experience or develop over a longer period of time [19,81], thus suggesting that findings may differ between cross-sectional and lon…”
BackgroundResultGarst, H., Fresé, M., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.417 · Cited by 197
“This article contributes to the literature in the following ways: First, the stress literature is vast, but there is a lack of longitudinal studies ( Zapf, Dormann, & Frese, 1996 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNeed for recovery after work predicts sickness absence
Croon, E. M. D., Sluiter, J. K., & Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00630-x · Cited by 203
“Consequently, the effects of stable self-reporting biasing factors such as negative affectivity and illness behavior are carried over time [46].”
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“40 for burnout, were in line with what could be expected for the different measures and generally for correlation with indicators for well-being or strain (Semmer, Zapf & Greif, 1996; van Veldhoven, de Jonge, Broersen, Kompier & Meijman, 2002; Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundNielsen, M. B., Indregard, A.-M. R., & ̃verland, S. Ã. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3579 · Cited by 199
“Hence, in line with a so-called “sleeper effect” (59), it seems likely that sickness absence will first occur after prolonged exposure to bullying and it may be necessary to employee longer timeframes, for instance 2–5 years, in order to determine the actual effect of bullying.”
BackgroundStrauss, K., Parker, S. K., & O’Shea, D. E. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.02.001 · Cited by 210
Glambek, M., Matthiesen, S. B., Hetland, J., & Einarsen, S. V. (2014) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12035 · Cited by 188
“…(e.g. Quine, 1999; Djurkovic et al., 2004; Harlos and Axelrod, 2005; Djurkovic et al., 2008; Lim et al., 2008; Mathisen et al., 2008; Adams and Buck, 2010; Glasø et al., 2011a,b), and therefore it cannot infer the causal direction between the investigated variables (Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundRodríguez‐Muñoz, A., Baillien, E., Witte, H. D., Jiménez, B. M., & Pastor, J. C. (2009) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370903227357 · Cited by 189
“Our hypothesis was tested in two complete two-wave panel studies (see Zapf et al., 1996a) with a time lag of six months (Study 1) and two years (Study 2).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPiccoli, B., & Witte, H. D. (2015) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2015.1075624 · Cited by 213
“Yet, the empirical support for reverse causation from outcomes to organizational stressors is scarce: for example, in a review of longitudinal stress research, Zapf, Dormann, and Frese (1996) found only few studies that supported reverse causation.”
BackgroundIndividual Consequences of Workplace Bullying/Mobbing
Høgh, A., Mikkelsen, E. G., & Hansen, Å. M. (2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/ebk1439804896-7 · Cited by 200
Cuyper, N. D., Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U. M., & Mäkikangas, A. (2010) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.008 · Cited by 183
Rhee, S., Hur, W., & Kim, M. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-016-9469-2 · Cited by 200
“Future research may attempt to avoid the common method bias problem and the reverse-causality issue by collecting data from different sources or by using a full two-wave panel design (Zapf et al. 1996).”
BackgroundMethodElovainio, M. J., Forma, P., Mika Kivimaki, B., Sinervo, T. S., Sutinen, R., & Laine, M. (2005) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370500084623 · Cited by 180
Occupational stress in (inter)action: the interplay between job demands and job resources
van Vegchel, N., JONGE, J. D., & Landsbergis, P. A. (2005) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.327 · Cited by 189
The longitudinal development of employee well-being: a systematic review
Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U. M., Feldt, T., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2016) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2015.1126870 · Cited by 204
“They account for what stress symptoms can be caused by speci fi c job characteristics rather than consider the development of employee well-being comprehensively in the long run (cf. Zapf, Dormann, & Frese, 1996: see also Kelloway & Francis, 2013).”
Borritz, M., Bültmann, U., Rugulies, R., Christensen, K. B., Villadsen, E., & Kristensen, T. S. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000175155.50789.98 · Cited by 170
Feeling recovered and thinking about the good sides of one’s work.
Binnewies, C., Sonnentag, S., & Mojza, E. J. (2009) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014933 · Cited by 188
Dollard, M. F., Opie, T., Lenthall, S., Wakerman, J., Knight, S. M., Dunn, S. V., Rickard, G., & MacLeod, M. (2012) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.734154 · Cited by 185
Langballe, E., Innstrand, S. T., Aasland, O., & Falkum, E. (2011) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1321 · Cited by 169
Thriving when exhausted: The role of perceived transformational leadership
Niessen, C., Mäder, I., Stride, C., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.012 · Cited by 166
Organisational effects of bullying
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Cooper, C. L. (2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203164662.ch7 · Cited by 163
van Vegchel, N., JONGE, J. D., Söderfeldt, M., Dormann, C., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2004) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.11.1.21 · Cited by 178
Self-citationDettmers, J. (2017) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1298164 · Cited by 161
Janssen, P. P. M., Peeters, M. C. W., JONGE, J. D., Houkes, I., & Tummers, G. E. R. (2003) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2003.09.004 · Cited by 163
Hystad, S. W., & Eid, J. (2016) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2016.05.006 · Cited by 181
ten Brummelhuis, L. L., Haar, J. M., & Roche, M. (2013) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12057 · Cited by 173
Grebner, S., Semmer, N. K., & Elfering, A. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.1.31 · Cited by 93
“To test causal effects while controlling for common method variance, combining information from different sources in a structural equation model would be most appropriate (cf. Semmer et al., 1996; Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWhat matters most? The relative role of mentoring and career capital in career success
Singh, R., Ragins, B. R., & Tharenou, P. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.03.003 · Cited by 155
Semmer, N. K., Grebner, S., & Elfering, A. (2004) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1016/s1479-3555(03)03006-3 · Cited by 155
Self-esteem, dispositional optimism, and health: Evidence from cross-lagged data on employees
Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., & Feldt, T. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.02.001 · Cited by 148
Exposure to workplace harassment and the Five Factor Model of personality: A meta-analysis
Nielsen, M. B., Glasø, L., & Einarsen, S. V. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.015 · Cited by 172
“Following Zapf, Dormann, and Frese (1996) this time-lagged relationshipmay indicate the existence of a “sleeper effect” between the variables where the dysfunction in the openness trait appears a long time after the exposure to harassment has come to a stop.”
BackgroundDollard, M. F., Dormann, C., Tuckey, M. R., & Escartín, J. (2017) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2017.1380626 · Cited by 165
Self-citationJONGE, J. D., van Breukelen, G., Landeweerd, J. A., & Nijhuis, F. J. N. (1999) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679905200106 · Cited by 153
Taris, T. W., & Kompier, M. A. J. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1051 · Cited by 148
“Second, in occupational health research, it is often not only conceivable, but also plausible that concepts mutually influence each other; in other words, the relationships among variables cannot adequately be conceptualized as one-way streets (15, 16).”
BackgroundBakker, A. B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Demerouti, E. (2022) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12382 · Cited by 184
Ybema, J. F., Smulders, P. G. W., & Bongers, P. M. (2009) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320902793691 · Cited by 142
“Zapf et al. (1996) argue that longitudinal research does not automatically counter all these potential third variables.”
BackgroundOnwezen, M. C., Bartels, J., & Antonides, G. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1991 · Cited by 156
Burnout and inequity among human service professionals: A longitudinal study.
van Dierendonck, D., Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2001) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.43 · Cited by 154
Who Earns More and Why? A Multiple Mediation Model from Personality to Salary
Spurk, D., & Abele, A. E. (2010) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9184-3 · Cited by 140
“Nonetheless, we are confident about the respective direction of influence because we have temporal lags of 2 and 4 years between our measures and because we included salary in the year 2004 as an autoregressor into our analyses (Zapf et al. 1996).”
MethodMoore, S. Y., Grunberg, L., & Greenberg, E. S. (2004) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.9.3.247 · Cited by 142
Yue, Y., Wang, K. L., & Groth, M. (2016) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12208 · Cited by 146
Downsizing, changes in work, and self-rated health of employees: A 7-year 3-wave panel study
Mika Kivimaki, B., Vahtera, J., Pentti, J., Thomson, L., Griffiths, A., & Cox, T. (2001) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800108248348 · Cited by 146
“This question can best be resolved if information on health and work characteristics is available before reductions in work force (Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundHansen, N., Sverke, M., & Näswall, K. (2008) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.08.002 · Cited by 137
Organizational constraints: a meta-analysis of a major stressor
Pindek, S., & Spector, P. E. (2016) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2015.1137376 · Cited by 158
Volmer, J., Niessen, C., Spurk, D., Linz, A., & Abele, A. E. (2011) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00446.x · Cited by 157
“Additionally, stable background variables like social status or positive affect, which may account for the relationship between LMX and job satisfaction, are also controlled for and cannot be considered further as alternative explanations (cf. Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundTheorell, T., & Hasselhorn, H. M. (2005) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-005-0618-6 · Cited by 138
The Relationships between Co-Rumination, Social Support, Stress, and Burnout among Working Adults
Boren, J. P. (2014) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0893318913509283 · Cited by 137
Participants' appraisals of process issues and the effects of stress management interventions
Nielsen, K. M., Randall, R., & Albertsen, K. (2007) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.450 · Cited by 137
“Affective measures tend to be (i) more sensitive to the impact of the intervention and/or ii) show measurable change before changes in well-being (Semmer, 2006; Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundA Multiple Case Study Approach to Work Stress Prevention in Europe
Kompier, M. A. J., Cooper, C. L., & Geurts, S. A. E. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137309341_6 · Cited by 135
Cohort Profile: The Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH)
Hanson, L. L. M., Leineweber, C., Persson, V., Hyde, M., Theorell, T., & Westerlund, H. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx260 · Cited by 140
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Innstrand, S. T., Langballe, E. M., & Falkum, E. (2011) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1395 · Cited by 136
“12, the same as the average of the best longitudinal studies published so far (Zapf et al., 1996), indicates that the positive effect of work engagement and vigour in particular is likely to be of much importance.”
BackgroundInfluentialEvaluating organizational stress-management interventions using adapted study designs
Randall, R., Griffiths, A., & Cox, T. (2005) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320444000209 · Cited by 132
A State‐Trait Analysis of Job Satisfaction: On the Effect of Core Self‐Evaluations
Dormann, C., Fay, D., Zapf, D., & Fresé, M. (2006) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00227.x · Cited by 139
Self-citationFernet, C., Torrès, O., Austin, S., & St‐Pierre, J. (2016) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2016.03.002 · Cited by 163
Extraversion and Neuroticism as antecedents of emotion regulation and dysregulation in adulthood
Kokkonen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.425 · Cited by 137
Individual Antecedents of Bullying
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. V. (2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/ebk1439804896-11 · Cited by 130
Self-citationHuman Costs of Organizational Downsizing: Comparing Health Trends Between Leavers and Stayers
Mika Kivimaki, B., Vahtera, J., Elovainio, M. J., Pentti, J., & Virtanen, M. (2003) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1025642806557 · Cited by 129
“This question can best be resolved if information on health is available before reductions in workforce ( Zapf, Dormann, & Frese, 1996 ).”
BackgroundHoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2004) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1016/s1479-3555(02)02008-5 · Cited by 135
Self-citationBalducci, C., Cecchin, M., & Fraccaroli, F. (2012) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2012.714543 · Cited by 127
“Thus, to be more confident that the work environment is indeed implicated in the escalation of bullying, a further important step (see Cohen, Cohen, West, & Aiken, 2003 ; Zapf, Dorman, & Frese, 1996 ) is to take potentially important personal factors into account.”
BackgroundBrough, P. A., Timms, C., Siu, O. L., Kalliath, T. J., O’Driscoll, M. P., Sit, C. H. P., Lo, D., & Lu, C. (2013) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726712472915 · Cited by 144
“These methodological and theoretical research strengths answer repeated calls for such comprehensive research designs and for objective theory-testing procedures within this field of organizational behavior (e.g. Brough and O’Driscoll, 2010; Gelfand et al., 2008; Zapf et al., 1996).”
Fernet, C., Trépanier, S.-G., Austin, S., & Levesque-Côté, J. (2016) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2016.07.019 · Cited by 126
Zhou, Q., Martinez, L. F., Ferreira, A. I., & Rodrigues, P. (2016) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.006 · Cited by 141
Self-Engagement, Stressors, and Health: A Longitudinal Study
Britt, T. W., Castro, C. A., & Adler, A. B. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205276525 · Cited by 126
Employability perceptions: Nature, determinants, and implications for health and well-being
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Reknes, I., Pallesen, S., Magerøy, N., Moen, B. E., Bjorvatn, B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.06.017 · Cited by 131
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Personality and health: The mediating role of Trait Emotional Intelligence and Work Locus of Control
Johnson, S. J., Batey, M., & Holdsworth, L. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.025 · Cited by 132
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“However, even if such a reverse causation hypothesis may hold, longitudinal research provides support for the fact that work stress has a causative role on health status (Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundLaethem, M. V., Beckers, D. G. J., Kompier, M. A. J., Dijksterhuis, A., & Geurts, S. A. E. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3376 · Cited by 137
“This was to be expected considering that job demands and control are only two of many factors determining sleep quality [see also Zapf et al (40)].”
BackgroundOn the relationships among work characteristics and learning‐related behavior: Does age matter?
de Lange, A. H., Taris, T. W., Jansen, P. G. W., Kompier, M. A. J., Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.649 · Cited by 131
“Furthermore, we were unable to examine a complete longitudinal design as the learning-related behavior variables were not measured on all occasions; we were therefore unable to control for all synchronous effects and auto-correlations (Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundWomen, work, and well-being 1950–2000:
Klumb, P. L., & Lampert, T. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00262-4 · Cited by 126
Bidirectional relations between work-related stress, sleep quality and perseverative cognition
Laethem, M. V., Beckers, D. G. J., Kompier, M. A. J., Kecklund, G., van den Bossche, S. N. J., & Geurts, S. A. E. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.08.011 · Cited by 120
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“Structural equation modelling (SEM) would have permitted clearer tests of these rival hypotheses, and would have permitted (correlated) measurement errors to be accounted for (Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInequity, burnout and psychological withdrawal among teachers: a dynamic exchange model
Taris, T. W., van Horn, J. E., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2004) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/1061580031000151620 · Cited by 120
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Gielnik, M. M., Krämer, A.-C., Kappel, B., & Fresé, M. (2012) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00528.x · Cited by 121
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\nA multiple case study approach to work stress prevention in Europe
Kompier, M. A. J., Cooper, C. L., & Geurts, S. A. E. (2000) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · doi:10.1080/135943200417975 · Cited by 119
Job insecurity and self-esteem: evidence from cross-lagged relations in a 1-year longitudinal sample
Kinnunen, U. M., Feldt, T., & Mauno, S. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00223-4 · Cited by 120
Work‐home interference among nurses: reciprocal relationships with job demands and health
HEIJDEN, B. I. J. M. V. D., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & The NEXT Study Group coordinated by Hans‐Martin Hasselhorn (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04630.x · Cited by 118
“Firstly, according to the ‘drift’ hypothesis (Kohn & Schooler 1982, Zapf et al. 1996), individuals with bad health drift to worse jobs, which also go along with higher job stressors.”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychological distress mediates the effect of pain on function
Wegener, S. T., Castillo, R. C., Haythornthwaite, J. A., MacKenzie, E. J., & Bosse, M. J. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.02.020 · Cited by 115
“SEM and path analysis are the methods of choice when testing hypotheses regarding antecedent-consequence relationships and/or mediation models [11,28,47,70].”
MethodHow valid is a short measure of effort–reward imbalance at work? A replication study from Sweden
Leineweber, C., Wege, N., Westerlund, H., Theorell, T., Wahrendorf, M., & Siegrist, J. (2010) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2009.050930 · Cited by 116
van Vegchel, N., JONGE, J. D., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2002) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320244000265 · Cited by 116
Zacher, H., & Winter, G. (2011) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.020 · Cited by 116
Gorgievski, M. J., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., van der Veen, H. B., & Giesen, C. W. M. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317909x434032 · Cited by 115
Age and work-related stress: a review and meta-analysis
Rauschenbach, C., Krumm, S., Thielgen, M. M., & Hertel, G. (2013) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-07-2013-0251 · Cited by 127
Mobbing in Organisationen - Überblick zum Stand der Forschung
Zapf, D. (1999) · Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O · doi:10.1026//0932-4089.43.1.1 · Cited by 114
Self-citationGriep, Y., Kinnunen, U. M., Nätti, J., Cuyper, N. D., Mauno, S., Mäkikangas, A., & Witte, H. D. (2015) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-015-1059-5 · Cited by 135
“According to the premises of this model, a prolonged exposure to a stressor—from short-term to longterm unemployment—will result in a linear decrease in health and well-being (Paul and Moser 2009; Zapf et al. 1996).”
BackgroundPredictors of Occupational Burnout: A Systematic Review
Shoman, Y., May, E. E., Marca, S. C., Wild, P. P., Bianchi, R., Bugge, M., Çağlayan, Ç., Cheptea, D., Gnesi, M., Godderis, L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179188 · Cited by 138
Work and neck pain: A prospective study of psychological, social, and mechanical risk factors
Christensen, J. O., & Knardahl, S. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.001 · Cited by 111
“Baseline pain adjustment eliminates CMB caused by biases that are stable across time or mediated by stable outcome measures [50].”
BackgroundOrganizational commitment and the well-being of temporary agency workers: A longitudinal study
Galais, N., & Moser, K. (2009) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708101991 · Cited by 107
“As others have cogently explained, the investigation of stressor–strain relationships requires longitudinal designs (Zapf et al., 1996).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-169
- ISSN
- 1076-8998 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1307
- OpenAlex
- W2121908317
- Cited by
- 1,174
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 24.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- organizational stress, longitudinal study, reverse causality, social desirability, negative affectivity, panel design, longitudinal analysis, causal inference
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Psychology, Industrial, Research Design, Stress, Psychological, Occupational Health, Workload
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