Cited by 1,174Workplace Health and Well-beingStress and Burnout ResearchJob Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior

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Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: a review of the literature with reference to methodological issues

Zapf, Dieter, Dormann, Christian, Frese, Michael·1996·Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

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Abstract

Demonstrating causal relationships has been of particular importance in organizational stress research. Longitudinal studies are typically suggested to overcome problems of reversed causation and third variables (e.g., social desirability and negative affectivity). This article reviews the empirical longitudinal literature and discusses designs and statistical methods used in these studies. Forty-three longitudinal field reports on organizational stress were identified. Most of the investigations used a 2-wave panel design and a hierarchical multiple regression approach. Six studies with 3 and more waves were found. About 50% of the studies analyzed potential strain-stressor (reversed causation) relationships. In about 33% of the studies there was some evidence of reverse causation. The power of longitudinal studies to rule out third variable explanations was not realized in many studies. Procedures of how to analyze longitudinal data are suggested.

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Method
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BackgroundResult
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“Establishing structural equation models following the CLP assumptions has many advantages (see de Lange et al., 2003; Zapf et al., 1996): first, direct and indirect effects on multiple dependent variables can be estimated.”
Background
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Background
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Background
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Method
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Background
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“However, the longitudinal design accounts for some of the problems of self-report data, because most of the effects of trait like third variables are controlled for as we let model variables inter-correlate at Time 1 (Zapf et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Background
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“However, while it is agreed that two wave studies are helpful, there are also recommendations for longitudinal studies to include at least three waves and for all variables to be controlled for in earlier waves (Zapf et al., 1996).”
Background
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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“These tests indicate that our results are unlikely to be affected by common method bias (Zapf et al., 1996).”
Result
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“Such feelings will increase the stress levels of individuals [21].”
Background
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“Thus, once a stressor is reduced, individuals can experience an improvement in psychological functioning (Zapf et al., 1996).”
Background
Bidirectional Associations Between Sleep Quality and Grip Strength and the Mediating Role of Depression: Evidence From Two Nationally Representative Cohorts
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“proposed to explain this reversed causality is offered by Zapf and colleagues [63], who proposed the so-called drift hypothesis, suggesting that individuals with bad health drift to jobs in which high job demands are more prevalent.”
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“Alternatively, in line with the ‘‘drift’’ hypothesis, it may be the case that supervisors respond negatively to employee burnout and adopt unsupportive or discriminatory behaviors in the workplace.(35) These and other hypotheses could provide a guiding framework for future research in this area.”
BackgroundResult
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石津, 憲., Shimoda, Y., & Ohtsuki, T. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188368 · Cited by 15
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“However, one should take into consideration the research of Schabracq (28) and Zapf (29) who claim that only 10% of the explanation of psychological well-being can be attributed to work situations.”
Background
Longitudinal study of antecedents of work engagement in Thailand
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Poor sleep quality, long working hours and fatigue in coastal areas: a dangerous combination of silent risk factors for deck officers on oil tankers
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“Hence, any decisive conclusion needs to be drawn from further longitudinal research [60].”
Background
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“It should be acknowledged that our effect estimates are of small magnitude, as it is often observed in research on psychosocial job stressors (39).”
Result
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“One explanation offers the ‘drift-hypothesis’ (Zapf et al. 1996), suggesting that individuals who experience high strain at the workplace seem to ‘drift’ to health-impairing jobs that are high in job demands.”
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“For example, how responsive is anxiety to trajectories of environmental signals that suggest the threat is lessening (c.f. Zapf et al., 1996)?”
Background
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“It supports an interpretation of causality in the link between increased levels of SRH over time and the subsequent elevation or decrease in the levels of HDL-C and TRI among the men [ 54 ].”
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Authors: Zapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M.
Affiliations: University of Konstanz (DE)
ORCID: Zapf, Dieter
Dormann, Christian
Venue: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 145-169
ISSN: 1076-8998 (ISSN-L)
1939-1307
DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.1.2.145
OpenAlex: W2121908317
Cited by: 1,174
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 24.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Keywords: organizational stress, longitudinal study, reverse causality, social desirability, negative affectivity, panel design, longitudinal analysis, causal inference
MeSH terms: Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Psychology, Industrial, Research Design, Stress, Psychological, Occupational Health, Workload

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Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: a review of the literature with reference to methodological issues

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