Cited by 1,174Workplace Health and Well-beingStress and Burnout ResearchJob Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior

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Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: a review of the literature with reference to methodological issues

Zapf, Dieter, Dormann, Christian, Frese, Michael·1996·Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

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Abstract

Demonstrating causal relationships has been of particular importance in organizational stress research. Longitudinal studies are typically suggested to overcome problems of reversed causation and third variables (e.g., social desirability and negative affectivity). This article reviews the empirical longitudinal literature and discusses designs and statistical methods used in these studies. Forty-three longitudinal field reports on organizational stress were identified. Most of the investigations used a 2-wave panel design and a hierarchical multiple regression approach. Six studies with 3 and more waves were found. About 50% of the studies analyzed potential strain-stressor (reversed causation) relationships. In about 33% of the studies there was some evidence of reverse causation. The power of longitudinal studies to rule out third variable explanations was not realized in many studies. Procedures of how to analyze longitudinal data are suggested.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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“We conceptualize WREA as the type of stressor-strain relationship where the impact of the stressor increases with exposure time, but where the impact can be reversed when the stressor is removed (Zapf et al., 1996) .”
BackgroundMethod
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Background
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“However, problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies are not considered to be mutually exclusive, nor is one strategy formally considered to be more beneficial than the other (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Zeidner & Saklofsky, 1996).”
Background
Introducing Continuous Time Meta-Analysis (CoTiMA)
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Sexually Harassing Behaviors from Patients or Clients and Care Workers’ Mental Health: Development and Validation of a Measure
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“Thus, reverse causal effects of employee health on the perception of sexual harassment are possible [60].”
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“Even though our design allows us to exclude the influence of stable third variables, the influence of those that vary over time cannot be ruled out (Zapf et al., 1996).”
Background
Hierarchical Culture as a Cross-Level Moderator of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Performance Feedback, and Employee Job Performance
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Social Stress at Work and Change in Women’s Body Weight
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“Second, the appropriateness of the chosen two-year time lag could be discussed, since too-short as well as too-long time lags may bias the effects of the causal variables on the outcomes (Zapf et al., 1996).”
Background
Victimization from workplace bullying after a traumatic event: time-lagged relationships with symptoms of posttraumatic stress
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“2015), the possibility of reciprocal or inverted relations between certain variables should not be excluded (Zapf et al. 1996).”
BackgroundResult
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“However, because neither WFC nor FWC at Wave 2 was associated with higher levels of financial strain at Wave 3, this pattern might also reflect the idea of adaptation theory (Zapf et al. 1996).”
BackgroundResult
Comparing working conditions and physical and psychological health complaints in four occupational groups working in female-dominated workplaces
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“The explorative, rather than causal character of the study, enabled generation of hypotheses about continuous and mutually inXuencing processes in every day working life (Cheng 2001) but longitudinal designs are required to establish causal links (Zapf et al. 1996), although longitudinal studies themselves are not wit…”
Background
Abusive Supervision and Workload Demands from Supervisors: Exploring Two Types of Supervisor‐related Stressors and their Association with Strain
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“Nonetheless, to provide a clearer picture of stressor–strain causal relationships, further research should adopt a more rigorous design to examine the association between supervisor-related stressors and EE, as suggested by Zapf et al. (1996). Thirdly, our study found that PJCs have differential moderating effects on…”
Background
Exposure to Aggression in the Workplace
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Conclusion and Discussion
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The Role of Personal Demands and Personal Resources in Enhancing Study Engagement and Preventing Study Burnout
Zeijen, M. E. L., Brenninkmeijer, V., Peeters, M. C. W., & Mastenbroek, N. J. J. M. (2024) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2024.10 · Cited by 24
“Still, the current semi-longitudinal design is a large improvement on cross-sectional designs that make up for the majority of studies (Zapf et al., 1996).”
Background

Authors: Zapf, D., Dormann, C., & Frese, M.
Affiliations: University of Konstanz (DE)
ORCID: Zapf, Dieter
Dormann, Christian
Venue: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 145-169
ISSN: 1076-8998 (ISSN-L)
1939-1307
DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.1.2.145
OpenAlex: W2121908317
Cited by: 1,174
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 24.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Keywords: organizational stress, longitudinal study, reverse causality, social desirability, negative affectivity, panel design, longitudinal analysis, causal inference
MeSH terms: Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Psychology, Industrial, Research Design, Stress, Psychological, Occupational Health, Workload

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Longitudinal studies in organizational stress research: a review of the literature with reference to methodological issues

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