Cited by 568Psychometric Methodologies and TestingReliability and Agreement in MeasurementMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios.

Schmidt, Frank L., Hunter, John E.·1996·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.199

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

technical principles to concrete research problems that appear in a wide variety of forms and with a myriad of obscuring features, details, and idiosyncracies. This article is based on a different approach: examination of a series of concrete research scenarios that we have encountered in our work as researchers, advisors to researchers, or reviewers. This article examines 26 real-world case studies and explicates them on the basis of the principles of reliability theory found in Cronbach (1947, 1951) and Cronbach et al. (1972). Although we cite and rely on these sources, other sources (e.g., Thorndike, 1951) would yield identical resolutions; only the terminology would be sometimes (slightly) different. In classical measurement theory, the fundamental general formula for the observed correlation between any two measures, x and y, is yields the dissattenuation formula:

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.199

Cites

24 of 24 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
Reviews: Lord, Frederic M., and Novick, Melvin R. (with contributions by Allan Birnbaum). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968. xii + 568 pp. $14.95.
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Self-citation
The American Voter. By A. Campbell, P. Converse, W. Miller, and D. Stokes. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1960. Pp. viii, 573. $8.50.)
Eulau, H. H. F. (1960) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952653 · Cited by 4,744
Educational measurement, 3rd ed.
Linn, R. L. (1989) · Cited by 2,858
The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis.
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.12.1181 · Cited by 2,033
The Dependability of Behavioral Measurements: Theory of Generalizability for Scores and Profiles
Merrifield, P. R., Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1974) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162145 · Cited by 1,819
Personnel Selection in Organizations
Murphy, K. R., Schmitt, N., & Borman, W. C. (1993) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258598 · Cited by 1,646
Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology.
Campbell, J. P. (1990) · Cited by 1,476

Show all 24 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 568

Preschool antecedents of defense mechanism use in young adults: A longitudinal study.
Cramer, P., & Block, J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.159 · Cited by 55
A comparison of self-other agreement in personal values versus the Big Five personality traits
Dobewall, H., Aavik, T., Konstabel, K., Schwartz, S. H., & Realo, A. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.01.004 · Cited by 54
Reliability of composite-task measurements of holistic face processing
Ross, D. A., Richler, J. J., & Gauthier, L. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0497-4 · Cited by 52
Dependability of Measurement in Counseling Psychology
Hoyt, W. T., & Melby, J. N. (1999) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000099273003 · Cited by 54
The validity of well-being measures: A multiple-indicator–multiple-rater model.
Zou, C., Schimmack, U., & Gere, J. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0033902 · Cited by 54
Realizing the full potential of psychometric meta-analysis for a cumulative science and practice of human resource management
Öneş, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (2016) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.011 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
Exploring the Dimensionality of Digit Span
Bowden, S. C., Petrauskas, V. M., Bardenhagen, F. J., Meade, C. E., & Simpson, L. C. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112457016 · Cited by 49
IQ, cultural values, and the technological achievement of nations
Gelade, G. A. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.04.003 · Cited by 52
Validity generalization of GMA tests across countries in the European Community
Salgado, J. F., & Anderson, N. R. (2003) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320244000292 · Cited by 53
Invariance of the Measurement Model Underlying the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV in the United States and Canada
Bowden, S. C., Saklofske, D. H., & Weiss, L. G. (2010) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164410387382 · Cited by 48
Validity of content‐based techniques for credibility assessment—How telling is an extended meta‐analysis taking research bias into account?
Oberlader, V. A., Quinten, L. K. J. L., Banse, R., Volbert, R., Schmidt, A. F., & Schönbrodt, F. D. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3776 · Cited by 53
Persistent career indecision over time: Links with personality, barriers, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction
Jaensch, V. K., Hirschi, A., & Freund, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2015.09.010 · Cited by 59
Less Unique Variance Than Meets the Eye: Overlap Among Traditional Neuropsychological Dimensions in Schizophrenia
Dickinson, D., & Gold, J. M. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm092 · Cited by 49
Applications of Generalizability Theory to Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Research∗
Lakes, K. D., & Hoyt, W. T. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802575461 · Cited by 46
Beyond questionable research methods: The role of omitted relevant research in the credibility of research.
Schmidt, F. L. (2017) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000033 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
What multi‐method data tell us about construct validity
Schimmack, U. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.771 · Cited by 45
Job Performance: Assessment Issues in Personnel Selection
Viswesvaran, C., & Öneş, D. S. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781405164221.ch16 · Cited by 43
Multicultural experience: Development and validation of a multidimensional scale
Aytug, Z. G., Kern, M. C., & Dilchert, S. (2018) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.04.004 · Cited by 43
Problems with single interest scales: Implications of the general factor
Tracey, T. J. G. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.001 · Cited by 41
Measuring Sex Differences and Similarities
Giudice, M. D. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_1 · Cited by 43
False Positives in Multiple Regression
Shear, B. R., & Zumbo, B. D. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164413487738 · Cited by 40
Effects of measurement errors on psychometric measurements in ergonomics studies: Implications for correlations, ANOVA, linear regression, factor analysis, and linear discriminant analysis
Liu, Y., & Salvendy, G. (2009) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130802392999 · Cited by 40
Using Multilevel Random Coefficient Modeling to Investigate Rater Effects in Performance Ratings
LaHuis, D. M., & Avis, J. M. (2007) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106289394 · Cited by 41
Significance Testing in Psychological Research: Some Persisting Issues
Estes, W. K. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00538.x · Cited by 40
Modern Assessments of Intelligence Must Be Fair and Equitable
Holden, L. R., & Tanenbaum, G. J. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11060126 · Cited by 46
Does Effort Suppress Cognition After Traumatic Brain Injury? A Re-Examination of the Evidence for the Word Memory Test
Bowden, S. C., Shores, E. A., & Mathias, J. L. (2006) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040500246935 · Cited by 39
PROGRESS IN PSYCHOMETRICS: CAN INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY CATCH UP?
Murphy, K. R., & SHON, R. D. (2000) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb02423.x · Cited by 39
Research Hotspots and Trends of Social Robot Interaction Design: A Bibliometric Analysis
Wang, J., Chen, Y., Huo, S., Mai, L., & Jia, F. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23239369 · Cited by 37
Fitting identity in the reasoned action framework: A meta-analysis and model comparison
Paquin, R. S., & Keating, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1152217 · Cited by 37
Personality Homogeneity in Organizations and Occupations: Considering Similarity Sources
King, D. D., Ott-Holland, C. J., Ryan, A. M., Huang, J. L. W., Wadlington, P. L., & Elizondo, F. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-016-9459-4 · Cited by 37
Identification and Evaluation of Neuropsychological Tools Used in the Assessment of Alcohol-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review
Heirene, R. M., John, B., & Roderique‐Davies, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02618 · Cited by 38
Is the Finding Too Good to Be True? Moving from “More Is Better” to Thinking in Terms of Simple Predictions and Credibility
Youngstrom, E., Salcedo, S., Frazier, T., & Algorta, G. P. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1669158 · Cited by 35
Estimating the Associations between Big Five Personality Traits, Testosterone, and Cortisol
Sundin, Z. W., Chopik, W. J., Welker, K. M., Ascigil, E., Brandes, C. M., Chin, K. A., Ketay, S., Knight, E. L., Kordsmeyer, T. L., McLarney-Vesotski, A. R., et al. (2021) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-020-00159-9 · Cited by 37
All for One and One for All? – Examining Convergent Validity and Responsiveness of the German Versions of the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ), Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), and Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI)
Boecking, B., Brüeggemann, P., Kleinjung, T., & Mazurek, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.596037 · Cited by 36
The Incremental Validity of Honesty–Humility Over Cognitive Ability and the Big Five Personality Traits
Oh, I., Le, H., Whitman, D. S., Kim, K., Yoo, T.-Y., Hwang, J.-O., & Kim, C.-S. (2014) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2014.913594 · Cited by 37
Endophenotypes for intelligence in children and adolescents
van Leeuwen, M., van den Berg, S. M., Hoekstra, R. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.008 · Cited by 37
Structured behavioral interview as a legal guarantee for ensuring equal employment opportunities for women: A meta-analysis
Alonso, P., Moscoso, S., & Salgado, J. F. (2016) · The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context · doi:10.1016/j.ejpal.2016.03.002 · Cited by 45
The relations of reflective and intuitive thinking styles with task performance: A meta‐analysis
Alaybek, B., Wang, Y., Dalal, R. S., Dubrow, S. R., & Boemerman, L. (2021) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12443 · Cited by 39
Longitudinal analysis versus cross-sectional analysis in assessing the factors influencing shoppers’ impulse purchase behavior – Do the store ambience and salesperson interactions really matter?
Katkam, B. S., Bhukya, R., Bellamkonda, R. S., & Nagaraj, S. (2021) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102586 · Cited by 39
No New Terrain: Reliability and Construct Validity of Job Performance Ratings
Öneş, D. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Schmidt, F. L. (2008) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00033.x · Cited by 35
Self-citation
The Five-Factor model and job performance in low complexity jobs: A quantitative synthesis
Lado, M. A., & Alonso, P. (2017) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.rpto.2017.07.004 · Cited by 37
Measurement invariance of core cognitive abilities in heterogeneous neurological and community samples
Bowden, S. C. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.05.002 · Cited by 36
Meta-Analysis in Organizational Research: A Guide to Methodological Options
Morris, S. B. (2022) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031921-021922 · Cited by 37
Correlation Attenuation Due to Measurement Error
Padilla, M. A., & Veprinsky, A. (2012) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164412443963 · Cited by 34
Validation of a Japanese version of the Experience in Close Relationship- Relationship Structure
Komura, K., Murakami, T., & Toda, K. (2016) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.87.15208 · Cited by 42
A meta‐analysis of interview length on reliability and validity
Thorsteinson, T. J. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12186 · Cited by 43
Latent functional connectivity underlying multiple brain states
McCormick, E. M., Arnemann, K. L., Ito, T., Hanson, S. J., & Cole, M. W. (2022) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00234 · Cited by 35
Methodological challenges and insights for future international business research
Aguinis, H., Bergh, D. D., & Molina-Azorín, J. F. (2022) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-022-00578-8 · Cited by 35
Pictorial Scales in Research and Practice
Sauer, J., Baumgartner, J., Frei, N., & Sonderegger, A. (2020) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000405 · Cited by 33
Measurement error in research on financial literacy: How much error is there and how does it influence effect size estimates?
Gignac, G. E., & Ooi, E. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12417 · Cited by 33
If It Were Only That Easy: The Use of Meta-Analytic Research by Organizational Scholars
DeSimone, J. A., Köhler, T., & Schoen, J. L. B. (2018) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428118756743 · Cited by 33
Psychological Science needs a standard practice of reporting the reliability of cognitive behavioural measurementsPreprint
Parsons, S. D., Kruijt, A., & Fox, E. (2018) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6ka9z · Cited by 35
Measurement Error Obfuscates Scientific Knowledge: Path to Cumulative Knowledge Requires Corrections for Unreliability and Psychometric Meta-Analyses
Viswesvaran, C., Öneş, D. S., Schmidt, F. L., Le, H., & Oh, I. (2014) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/iops.12186 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Self-insight into emotional and cognitive abilities is not related to higher adjustment
He, J. C., & Côté, S. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0644-0 · Cited by 40
Feel Worried, Overloaded, or Fatalistic? The Determinants of Cancer Uncertainty Management Preferences
Peng, W., Carcioppolo, N., Occa, A., Ali, K. I., Yang, Q., & Yang, F. (2019) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1692489 · Cited by 31
Role of mental abilities and mental tests in explaining high-school grades
Cucina, J. M., Peyton, S. T., Su, C., & Byle, K. A. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.11.007 · Cited by 31
Thriving at Work: A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Kleine, A., Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/k5xhg · Cited by 34
Conversation Orientation and Conformity Orientation Are Inversely Related: A Meta-Analysis
Keating, D. M. (2016) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2016.1186622 · Cited by 28
There Is a Time and a Place for Significance Testing
Mulaik, S. A., Raju, N. S., & Harshman, R. A. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315629049-16 · Cited by 28
LA MEDICIÓN DE LO PSICOLÓGICO
Muñiz, J. (1998) · Consultation of the Doctoral Thesis Database (TESEO) (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte) · Cited by 26
Same, same — but different: On the use of Navon derived measures of global/local processing in studies of face processing
Gerlach, C., & Krumborg, J. R. (2014) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.09.004 · Cited by 27
Conclusions from meta‐analytic structural equation models generally do not change due to corrections for study artifacts
Michel, J. S., Viswesvaran, C., & Thomas, J. P. (2011) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.47 · Cited by 27
Openness in Cross-Cultural Work Settings: A Multicountry Study of Expatriates
Albrecht, A., Dilchert, S., Deller, J., & Paulus, F. M. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.821074 · Cited by 36
The Road to Retention Passes through First Year Academic Performance: A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of Academic Performance and Persistence
Westrick, P. A., Schmidt, F. L., Le, H., Robbins, S. B., & Radunzel, J. (2020) · Educational Assessment · doi:10.1080/10627197.2020.1848423 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Are some people more consistent? Examining the stability and underlying processes of personality profile consistency.
Wright, A. J., & Jackson, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000429 · Cited by 31
Data Quality in Electronic Health Record Research: An Approach for Validation and Quantitative Bias Analysis for Imperfectly Ascertained Health Outcomes Via Diagnostic Codes
Goldstein, N. D., Kahal, D., Testa, K., Gracely, E., & Burstyn, I. (2022) · Harvard Data Science Review · doi:10.1162/99608f92.cbe67e91 · Cited by 26
A critical period for pandemic adaptation: The evolution of depressive symptomatology in a representative sample of adults across a 17-month period during COVID-19.
Ebrahimi, O. V., Bauer, D. J., Hoffart, A., & Johnson, S. U. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000786 · Cited by 25
New insights into an old debate: Investigating the temporal sequence of commitment and performance at the business unit level
Winkler, S., König, C. J., & Kleinmann, M. (2012) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02054.x · Cited by 26
The Shift from Significance Testing to Effect Size Estimation
Borenstein, M. (1998) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b0080-4270(73)00209-1 · Cited by 26
The development of a short form of the Test of Gross Motor Development‐2 in Brazilian children: Validity and reliability
Valentini, N. C., Rudisill, M. E., Bandeira, P. F. R., & Hastie, P. A. (2018) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12598 · Cited by 25
The Influences of Video Gaming on US Children's Moral Reasoning About Violence
Vieira, E. T., & Krcmar, M. (2011) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2011.558258 · Cited by 25
Preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise questionnaire (PRETIE-Q): validity, reliability and gender invariance in Portuguese health club exercisers
Teixeira, D., Ekkekakis, P., Andrade, A. J., Rodrigues, F. F., Evmenenko, A., Faria, J., Marques, P. F., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01718-3 · Cited by 30
Whose Words Hurt? Contextual Determinants of Offensive Speech
Almagro, M., Hannikainen, I. R., & Fernández, N. V. (2021) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672211026128 · Cited by 26
Variance Components of Job Performance Ratings
O’Neill, T., McLarnon, M. J. W., & Carswell, J. J. (2015) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2014.974756 · Cited by 24
Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction,
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002) · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Growth curves of deviant behavior in early adolescence: A multilevel analysis
Johnson, R. A., Hoffmann, J. P., Su, S. S., & Gerstein, D. R. (1997) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/bf02221049 · Cited by 24
The Use of Random Coefficient Modeling for Understanding and Predicting Job Performance Ratings
O’Neill, T., Goffin, R. D., & Gellatly, I. R. (2012) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112438699 · Cited by 23
Degradation Modeling With Long-Term Memory Considering Measurement Errors
Shao, Y., & Si, W. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Reliability · doi:10.1109/tr.2021.3125958 · Cited by 24
A Comparison of General and Work‐specific Personality Measures as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Wang, Q., & Bowling, N. (2016) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12139 · Cited by 25
Power and Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Trials with Patient-Reported Outcomes under Equal and Unequal Group Sizes Based on Graded Response Model: A Simulation Study
Doostfatemeh, M., Ayatollahi, S. M. T., & Jafari, P. (2016) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.1857 · Cited by 22
Building a Sustainable Agricultural Career Pipeline: Effective Recruitment and Retention Practices Used by Colleges of Agriculture in the United States
Alston, A. J., Roberts, R., & English, C. W. (2019) · Journal of Research in Technical Careers · doi:10.9741/2578-2118.1073 · Cited by 24
Increased Business Value for Positive Job Attitudes during Economic Recessions: A Meta-Analysis and SEM Analysis
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., Agrawal, S., Plowman, S. K., & Blue, A. T. (2020) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2020.1758702 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Distinct abilities associated with matching same identity faces versus discriminating different faces: Evidence from individual differences in prosopagnosics and controls
Berger, A. F. F., Fry, R., Bobak, A. K., Juliano, A., & Degutis, J. M. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221076817 · Cited by 22
A Meta-Analysis of Interviews and Cognitive Ability
Roth, P. L., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2013) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000091 · Cited by 22
Individual differences in the accuracy of expressing and perceiving nonverbal cues: New data on an old question
Elfenbein, H. A., Foo, M., Mandal, M. K., Biswal, R., Eisenkraft, N., Lim, A. C., & Sharma, S. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.001 · Cited by 22
Expression Recognition Difficulty Is Associated with Social But Not Attention-to-Detail Autistic Traits and Reflects Both Alexithymia and Perceptual Difficulty
Bothe, E., Palermo, R., Rhodes, G., Burton, N., & Jeffery, L. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04158-y · Cited by 22
Impact of Assessments of Validity Generalization and Situational Specificity on the Science and Practice of Personnel Selection
Murphy, K. R. (2000) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00149 · Cited by 23
The effect of essentialism in settings of historic intergroup atrocities
Zagefka, H., Pehrson, S., Mole, R. C. M., & Chan, E. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.639 · Cited by 21
Individual differences in adaptive norm-based coding and holistic coding are associated yet each contributes uniquely to unfamiliar face recognition ability.
Engfors, L. M., Jeffery, L., Gignac, G. E., & Palermo, R. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000265 · Cited by 21
An illustration of the effects of fluctuations in test information on measurement error, the attenuation of effect sizes, and diagnostic reliability.
O'Connor, B. P. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000471 · Cited by 21
The Concept of Validity and the Process of Validation
Sackett, P. R., Putka, D. J., & McCloy, R. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197809013.003.0006 · Cited by 22
We Should Measure Change-and Here’s How
Lance, C. E., Meade, A. W., & Williamson, G. M. (2006) · Kluwer Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47178-7_10 · Cited by 21
Human Resource Safety Practices and Employee Injuries
Lauver, K. J. (2007) · Journal of managerial issues · Cited by 21
Patterns of perceptual performance in developmental prosopagnosia: An in-depth case series
Gerlach, C., & Starrfelt, R. (2021) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2020.1869709 · Cited by 20
Development and validation of a unifactorial measure of citizenship performance
Poropat, A. E., & Jones, L. (2008) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317908x374139 · Cited by 20
Dirty dishes or dirty laundry? Comparing two methods for quantifying American consumers' preferences for load management in a smart home
Aloise‐Young, P. A., Lurbé, S., Isley, S., Kadavil, R., Suryanarayanan, S., & Christensen, D. (2020) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101781 · Cited by 19
NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test for Assessing Clinical Memory Function: Diagnostic Relationship to the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
Loring, D. W., Bowden, S. C., Staikova, E., Bishop, J., Drane, D. L., & Goldstein, F. C. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acy028 · Cited by 19
The construct and predictive validity testing of Indonesian entrepreneurial competence inventory-situational judgment test model
Riyanti, B. P. D., Suryani, A. O., Sandroto, C. W., & Soeharso, S. Y. (2022) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-022-00202-x · Cited by 19
‘Mind the gap’: An empirical study of the gap between intention and actual usage of corporate e‐learning programmes in the financial industry
Luor, T., Hu, C., & Lu, H. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00853.x · Cited by 19
Invariance of the Measurement Model Underlying the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—III in the United States and Canada
Bowden, S. C., Lange, R. T., Weiss, L. G., & Saklofske, D. H. (2008) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164408318769 · Cited by 19

Authors: Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
ORCID: Hunter, John E.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-06
Volume: 1
Issue: 2
Pages: 199-223
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.199
OpenAlex: W2051130243
Cited by: 567
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 26.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: measurement error, reliability theory, classical test theory, research scenarios, case studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Measurement error in psychological research: Lessons from 26 research scenarios.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks