Cited by 998Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research TopicsStatistical Methods and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery.

Velicer, Wayne F., Fava, Joseph L.·1998·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.3.2.231

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1082-989x.3.2.231

Cites

96 of 96 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Multivariate Data Analysis.
Herne, H., Cooley, W. W., & Lohnes, P. R. (1973) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2344428 · Cited by 35,801
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
The application of electronic computers to factor analysis
Kaiser, H. F. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000116 · Cited by 12,459
Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,965
Multivariate Statistical Methods
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_2263 · Cited by 5,584
A First Course in Factor Analysis
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315827506 · Cited by 4,546
Goodness-of-fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 · Cited by 3,953

Show all 97 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 996

Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test Factor Invariance Across Deaf and Standardization Samples
Maller, S. J., & French, B. F. (2004) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164404263877 · Cited by 24
“…used in several of the EFA studies are questionable, because (a) they used varimax rotation when factors were known to be correlated and (b) the sample sizes were somewhat small for EFA, as per the recommendations of Velicer and Fava (1998) to guarantee stable estimates of pattern coefficients.”
Method
Multiple Group IRT Measurement Invariance Analysis of the Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale in Thirteen International Samples
Halamová, J., Kanovský, M., Gilbert, P., Troop, N. A., Zuroff, D. C., Petrocchi, N., Hermanto, N., Krieger, T., Kirby, J. N., Asano, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-019-00319-1 · Cited by 25
Psychometric models of individual differences in reading comprehension: A reanalysis of Freed, Hamilton, and Long (2017)
Goring, S. A., Schmank, C. J., Kane, M. J., & Conway, A. R. A. (2021) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2021.104221 · Cited by 23
Understanding water institutions and their impact on the performance of the water sector in India
Chopra, A., & Ramachandran, P. (2021) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2021.207 · Cited by 23
Attachment to Sports Conferences
Spinda, J. S. W., Wann, D. L. L., & Hardin, R. L. (2015) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479515578262 · Cited by 23
“Additionally, 4 new items were generated in this study to examine conference as a point of attachment, which is in agreement with previous scholars’ recommendations of having 3 to 5 items representing a factor (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Result
Psychometric Issues in Organizational Stressor Research: A Review and Implications for Sport Psychology
Arnold, R., & Fletcher, D. (2012) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2012.639608 · Cited by 24
“Indeed, a large sample size in factor analysis has been found to favorably influence the percentage of proper solutions, and the accuracy and sampling variability of parameter estimates (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
Development and validation of the learner attitudes and motivations for pronunciation (LAMP) inventory
Sardegna, V. G., Lee, J., & Kusey, C. (2014) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2014.10.009 · Cited by 23
The disappearing limb trick and the role of sensory suggestibility in illusion experience
Stone, K. D., Bullock, F., Keizer, A., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.012 · Cited by 22
“8% of the cumulative variance), but one item (question 14) cross-loaded, and removing it would result in a component with only 2 items, which is generally inappropriate for a subscale (Little et al., 1999; Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
Influential
Factor Structure of the Comprehensive Adolescent Severity Inventory (CASI): Results of Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability Analyses
Meyers, K., Hagan, T. A., McDermott, P. A., Webb, A., Randall, M., & Frantz, J. (2006) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990500479464 · Cited by 23
“Because the number of such items exceeded the number of sample participants, latent structure analyses based on individual items was precluded (30).”
Background
Developing a Family Achievement Guilt Scale Grounded in First-Generation College Student Voices
Covarrubias, R., Landa, I., & Gallimore, R. G. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220908382 · Cited by 22
“All except one (g40) of the extracted communalities were above .30 (M = .578, SD = .116; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
Regularized Exploratory Bifactor Analysis With Small Sample Sizes
Jung, S., Seo, D. G., & Park, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00507 · Cited by 28
“Prior research has shown them to be meaningful conditions for differentiating the performance of factor analysis procedures (e.g., Velicer and Fava, 1998; MacCallum et al., 1999; Timmerman and Lorenzo-Seva, 2011).”
Method
Integration of multimodal MRI data via PCA to explain language performance
Kucukboyaci, N. E., Kemmotsu, N., Leyden, K. M., Girard, H. M., Tecoma, E. S., Iragui, V. J., & McDonald, C. R. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.006 · Cited by 22
“8), which maximizes the sample-to-population fit for the extracted factors (Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
Background
Flexibility in locomotor-feeding integration during prey capture in varanid lizards: effects of prey size and velocity
Montuelle, S. J., Herrel, A., Libourel, P., Daillie, S., & Bels, V. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.072074 · Cited by 22
Lateralized temporal order judgement in dyslexia
Liddle, E. B., Jackson, G. M., Rorden, C., & Jackson, S. R. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.007 · Cited by 22
Caring Cooperators and Powerful Punishers: Differential Effects of Induced Care and Power Motivation on Different Types of Economic Decision Making
Chierchia, G., Lesemann, F. H. P., Snower, D. J., Vogel, M., & Singer, T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11580-8 · Cited by 24
“…very simple structure and Velicer’s minimal average partial test), we submitted these variables to factor analysis (for which a 10:1 subject-to-ratio is recommended - e.g., Velicer & Fava, 1998, p. 232 -, whereas our design involved a higher ratio of 13.2:1, suggesting an adequate sample size)47.”
MethodInfluential
Attitudes and Self-Efficacy of Arabic-speaking Physical Education Teachers in Israel toward Including Children with Disabilities
Hutzler, Y. S., & Daniel, E. S. (2017) · International Journal of Social Science Studies · doi:10.11114/ijsss.v5i10.2668 · Cited by 22
High School Students’ Social Media Usage Habits
Tezci, E., & İçen, M. (2017) · Cited by 22
A tale of two quests: The (almost) non-overlapping research literatures on students' evaluations of secondary-school and university teachers
Marsh, H. W., Dicke, T., & Pfeiffer, M. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.011 · Cited by 25
Validated scales to assess adult decisional balance to eat more fruits and vegetables
Mainvil, L. A., Lawson, R. W., Horwath, C. C., McKenzie, J. E., & Hart, I. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.08.007 · Cited by 22
Psychometric development and validation of victim gaslighting questionnaire (VGQ): across female sample from Pakistan
Bhatti, M. M., Shuja, K. H., Aqeel, M., Bokhari, Z., Gulzar, S. N., Fatima, T., & Sama, M. (2021) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-12-2020-0119 · Cited by 21
Coping Strategies Among Undergraduates: Spanish Adaptation and Validation of the Brief-COPE Inventory
Martín, F. D. F., Flores-Carmona, L., & Tirado, J. L. A. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s356288 · Cited by 22
Impact of Low-Income Occupant Behavior on Energy Consumption in Hot-Humid Climates
Nahmens, I., Joukar, A., & Cantrell, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Architectural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000162 · Cited by 21
The Social Validity Assessment of Social Competence Intervention Behavior Goals
Hurley, J. J., Wehby, J. H., & Feurer, I. D. (2010) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121409359426 · Cited by 25
The Person-Centered Dermatology Self-Care Index
Cowdell, F., Ersser, S. J., Gradwell, C., & Thomas, P. (2012) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1892 · Cited by 22
Aspects of Lifestyle Change in China: Motivations for Self-Drive Travel – A Chinese Domestic Market Perspective
Zhou, Y., & Huang, X. (2015) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2015.1075933 · Cited by 21
“During several attempts of rotation, a total of five items were eliminated because they did not contribute to a simple factor structure (cross-loaded in different factors), or failed to have a primary factor loading of .4 or above (Field, 2009; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
Folk moral objectivism and its measurement
Zijlstra, L. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.005 · Cited by 22
Psychometric Properties of the Assessment of Recovery Capital (ARC) Instrument in a Diverse Low-Income Sample
Bowen, E. A., Scott, C. F., Irish, A., & Nochajski, T. H. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1657148 · Cited by 21
“Specifically, while Velicer and Fava (1998) suggest that 10 subjects per variable is sufficient, both Gorsuch (1983) and Hatcher (1994) consider a ratio of five subjects for every variable to be appropriate.”
Background
Exploring jealousy and envy in communal relationship revenge-seeking
Hancock, T. D., Adams, F. G., Breazeale, M. J., & Lueg, J. E. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-06-2019-3300 · Cited by 24
Dimensions of Part-Time Faculty Job Satisfaction: Development and Factor Analysis of a Survey Instrument.
Hoyt, J. E., Howell, S. L., & Eggett, D. L. (2007) · ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) · Cited by 21
Loneliness, Sex, Romantic Jealousy, and Powerlessness
Rotenberg, K. J., Shewchuk, V.-A., & Kimberley, T. (2001) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407501181003 · Cited by 21
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the Adolescent Motivation to Cook Questionnaire: A Self-Determination Theory instrument
Miketinas, D. C., Cater, M. W., Bailey, A. D., Craft, B., & Tuuri, G. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.024 · Cited by 23
Rasch analysis of the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire short version (IIQ-7) in women with urinary incontinence
Monticone, M., Ferriero, G., Giordano, A., Foti, C., & Franchignoni, F. P. (2020) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000422 · Cited by 20
“However, a minimum of three items is necessary for identifying a stable factor (Velicer and Fava, 1998; Streiner, 1994), and thus it is reasonable to consider the short form IIQ-7 as substantially unidimensional.”
Background
Exploring the latent structure of behavior using the Human Connectome Project’s data
Schöttner, M., Bolton, T. A. W., Patel, J. H., Nahálka, A. T., Vieira, S., & Hagmann, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-27101-1 · Cited by 20
Decoding Asian consumers' willingness to pay for organic food product: a configurational-based approach
Marozzo, V., Costa, A., Crupi, A., & Abbate, T. (2023) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-10-2022-0591 · Cited by 24
Data Collection, Control, and Sample Size
Westland, J. C. (2015) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16507-3_6 · Cited by 20
The factor structure of the CES-D in a sample of Rwandan genocide survivors
Lacasse, J. J., Forgeard, M. J. C., Jayawickreme, N., & Jayawickreme, E. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0766-z · Cited by 20
The development of a questionnaire on academic hardiness for late elementary school children
Kamtsios, S., & Karagiannopoulou, E. (2012) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2012.12.001 · Cited by 20
Using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) to promote quality of care and safety in the management of patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney disease (PRO-trACK project): a mixed-methods project protocol
Aiyegbusi, O. L., Kyte, D. G., Cockwell, P., Marshall, T. P., Dutton, M., Slade, A. L., Marklew, N., Price, G. W., Verdi, R., Waters, J., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016687 · Cited by 20
ÖRGÜTSEL DIŞLANMA ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİLİK VE GÜVENİRLİLİK ÇALIŞMASI
ABASLI, K., & Özdemir, M. (2019) · Trakya Üniversitesi sosyal bilimler dergisi/Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler dergisi · doi:10.26468/trakyasobed.481620 · Cited by 19
Research on the Effects of Influencing Factors of International Students on Employability: A Case Study in China
Kir, K. F., Sarpong, F. A., Dazagbyilo, Y. Y. K., & Boukari, M. (2021) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2021.94105 · Cited by 19
“Findings of studies such as (Hogarty et al., 2005; MacCallum et al., 2001; Mundfrom et al., 2005; Velicer and Fava, 1998) revealed that the sample size for quantitative analysis is chosen based upon the ratio of variables under investigation and the expected factors.”
Background
Validation of the postpartum bonding questionnaire: A cross-sectional study among Flemish mothers
Bleijenbergh, R., Laura, V. D. B., van Gils, Y., Natacha, V. D. C., Leugenhaege, L. V., & Kuipers, Y. (2022) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103280 · Cited by 19
The impact of perceived social hospitality on destination image: The moderating effect of cultural intelligence
Li, X., Feng, Z., & Chen, S. X. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.06.026 · Cited by 22
THE POWER OF SOCIAL AND MOTIVATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST‐ANXIOUS ADOLESCENTS’ ACADEMIC SELF‐REGULATION
Raufelder, D., Hoferichter, F., Schneeweiss, D., & Wood, M. A. (2015) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21836 · Cited by 19
Measuring user engagement attributes in social networking application
Banhawi, F., & Ali, N. M. (2011) · International Conference on Semantic Technology and Information Retrieval (STAIR) · doi:10.1109/stair.2011.5995805 · Cited by 19
The latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder among Arabic-speaking refugees receiving psychiatric treatment in Denmark
Vindbjerg, E., Carlsson, J. M., Mortensen, E. L., Elklit, A., & Makransky, G. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0936-0 · Cited by 20
“Fewer items in a factor will generally challenge replicability of a given factor structure [24, 50].”
Background
Universidad de Chile: self-assessment and its effects on university’s management
Busco, C., Dooner, C., & d’Alencon, A. (2017) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-017-0148-7 · Cited by 19
“The sample size was determined by considering 10 cases for each of the 21 items in order to develop a factorial analysis (Velicer and Fava 1998).”
Soil quality ranking of a small sample size using AHP
Kumar, N., Singh, S., Mishra, V. N., Reddy, G. P. O., & Bajpai, R. (2017) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.5958/2455-7145.2017.00050.9 · Cited by 19
Exploratory Factor Analyses of the Intelligence and Development Scales–2: Implications for Theory and Practice
Grieder, S., & Grob, A. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119845051 · Cited by 19
“…the second issue, simulation studies found that a low number of indicators per factor can lead to unstable solutions or underidentification and can prevent a correct factor recovery (Costello & Osborne, 2005; de Winter & Dodou, 2012; MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
Factor analysis of the ESL/EFL Strategy Inventory for Language Learning: Generation 1.5 Korean immigrant college students' language learning strategies
Heo, M., Stoffa, R. C., & Kush, J. C. (2012) · Language Culture and Curriculum · doi:10.1080/07908318.2012.706302 · Cited by 19
“Velicer and Fava (1998) also noted that three variables per factor in a sample are a bare minimum requirement for recovering a population factor pattern.”
Background
Least Absolute Deviation Estimation in Structural Equation Modeling
Siemsen, E., & Bollen, K. A. (2007) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124107301946 · Cited by 19
Validating Distinct Knowledge Assets
Freeze, R., & Kulkarni, U. R. (2008) · International Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.4018/jkm.2008100103 · Cited by 19
Structural equation models with small samples: A comparative study of four approaches
Chumney, F. L. (2013) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 18
A New Brief Scale to Measure Optimism
Cadena, C. H. G., Daniel, L., & Adrián Valle de la, O. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119884059 · Cited by 26
Measuring the Role of Reductive Bias in Social Enterprise Formation: Development and Validation of a Social Entrepreneurial Intention Bias Scale
Chipeta, E. M., Venter, R., & Kruse, P. (2020) · Journal of Social Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/19420676.2020.1758196 · Cited by 18
“In neither factor, notable cross-loadings emerged (Costello and Osborne 2005; Velicer and Fava 1998).”
Method
Students’ Perceptions of Specifications Grading: Development and Evaluation of the Perceptions of Grading Schemes (PGS) Instrument
Yik, B. J., Machost, H. R., Streifer, A. C., Palmer, M. S., Morkowchuk, L., & Stains, M. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00698 · Cited by 19
Work–Life Interventions
Ong, H. L. C., & Jeyaraj, S. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014544289 · Cited by 18
“First, the data met the recommended minimum sample size of 100 (MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999) and have a ratio of at least 10 cases for each item in the instrument (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Method
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Upper Airway–Related Dyspnea
Noud, M., Yancey, K. L., Gelbard, A. H., Sathe, N. A., Penson, D. F., Feurer, I. D., McPheeters, M. L., & Francis, D. O. (2017) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2017.0348 · Cited by 18
“GartnerSchmidt et al,12 2014 Dyspnea Index Adult patients with dyspnea related to upper airway University of Pittsburgh Voice Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 369 200 Final development (dyspnea NOS), 15 cognitive interviews (dyspnea NOS), 108 reliability and validity (51 dy…”
Method
An improved competence rating scale for CBT Supervision: Short-SAGE
Reiser, R. P., Cliffe, T., & Milne, D. L. (2018) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x18000065 · Cited by 19
“There is considerable debate around the requisite sample size for conducting a factor analysis and whether the criteria of the total sample size or the subjects-to-variables ratio should be used (MacCallum et al ., 1999; Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
Categorizing h-index variants
Schreiber, M., Malesios, C., & Psarakis, S. (2011) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.3152/095820211x13176484436131 · Cited by 18
“The importance of large communalities in diminishing the effects of small datasets for performing FA has been already pointed out in a series of studies (e.g. Pennell, 1968; Velicer, Peacock and Jackson, 1982; Velicer and Fava, 1998 ).”
Background
Implementation of the driver training curriculum in Spain: An analysis based on the Goals for Driver Education (GDE) framework
Molina, J. G., García-Ros, R., & Keskinen, E. (2014) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.005 · Cited by 18
Anti-Black racism, self-esteem, and the adjustment of White students in higher education.
Garriott, P. O., Love, K. M., & Tyler, K. M. (2008) · Journal of Diversity in Higher Education · doi:10.1037/1938-8926.1.1.45 · Cited by 18
Knowledge Transfer between For‐Profit Corporations and Their Corporate Foundations
Minciullo, M., & Pedrini, M. (2015) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.21125 · Cited by 18
Correspondence Among Observer Ratings of Rorschach, Big Five Model, and DSM-IV Personality Disorder Constructs
Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Bel‐Bahar, T., & Gunderson, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8101_03 · Cited by 18
“However, empirical studies have repeatedly shown that these rules of thumb are false; the adequacy of a factor solution cannot be predicted from a participant-to-variable ratio (Guadagnoli & Velicer, 1988; MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
From corporate social responsibility (CSR) to corporate humanistic responsibility (CHR): the conceptualization and operationalization of perceived CHR
Koon, V., & Fujimoto, Y. (2023) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-07-2022-0491 · Cited by 19
Attitudes Toward Violence Scale
Davidson, M. M., & Canivez, G. L. (2012) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260512447578 · Cited by 19
“Final exploratory models were determined viable when resulting factors included (a) at least three items (Velicer & Fava, 1998), (b) item factor pattern coefficients (loadings) were ≥ .40 (promax rotation κ = 4) (Stevens, 2009), (c) achieved simple structure (items saliently loaded on only one…”
Method
Development and initial validation of the Impression Motivation in Sport Questionnaire-Team.
Payne, S., Hudson, J., Akehurst, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2013) · Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP) · doi:10.1123/jsep.35.3.281 · Cited by 17
Regulatory motivations in celebrity interest: Self-suppression and self-expansion.
Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2015) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000087 · Cited by 17
“The development of 4-item scales also exceeds the recommendation of a minimum of three items for scales (Little, Lindenberger, & Nesselroade, 1999; Spector, 1992; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Validación del cuestionario simplificado de la escala modificada Rankin (smRSq) telefónico en castellano
Sanz, A. F., Serrano, J. R., Meza, H. T., & Moreno, J. M. (2019) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2019.03.003 · Cited by 17
Who Is Smart with Their Smartphones? Determinants of Smartphone Security Behavior
Knapová, L., Kružíková, A., Dědková, L., & Šmahel, D. (2021) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0599 · Cited by 17
“33 The items went through cognitive and pilot testing to ensure their comprehensibility.”
An examination of the predictive relationships of self-evaluation capacity and staff competency on strategic planning in Hong Kong aided secondary schools
Cheng, E. C. K. (2011) · Educational Research for Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s10671-011-9105-x · Cited by 17
Evidence Based on the Internal Structure of the Instrument: Factor Analysis
McCoach, D. B., Gable, R. K., & Madura, J. P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7135-6_4 · Cited by 16
The association between CEO characteristics, internal audit quality and risk-management implementation in the public sector
Ludin, K. R. M., Mohamed, Z. M., & Saleh, N. M. (2017) · Risk Management · doi:10.1057/s41283-017-0022-z · Cited by 16
Efficiently assessing firm, fair, and caring relationships: Short form of the Dual Role Relationship Inventory.
Gochyyev, P., & Skeem, J. L. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000672 · Cited by 16
Validation of a Measurement Scale on Technostress for University Students in Chile
Vega-Muñoz, A., Estrada-Muñoz, C., Andreucci-Annunziata, P., Contreras-Barraza, N., & Bilbao-Cotal, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114493 · Cited by 16
Psychometric evaluation of the ‘Jefferson Scale of Empathy’ in a sample of nursing students in the United Kingdom
Yu, J., Ganesh, S., & Lancastle, D. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.2054 · Cited by 16
Time perspectives and procrastination in university students: exploring the moderating role of basic psychological need satisfaction
Codina, N., Castillo, I., Pestana, J. V., & Valenzuela, R. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01494-8 · Cited by 26
Standardization of the Co-Parenting Behavior Questionnaire
Schum, L. N., & Stolberg, A. L. (2007) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1300/j087v47n03_06 · Cited by 16
Psychometric assessment of the Temptations to Try Alcohol Scale
Harrington, M. A., Babbin, S. F., Redding, C. A., Burditt, C. T., Paiva, A. L., Meier, K., Oatley, K., McGee, H. A., & Velicer, W. F. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.12.019 · Cited by 16
“Each subgroup consisted of at least 98 participants, which is an adequate sample size for the model to converge (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS): An examination of its factor structure using paramedic students
Williams, B. A., Brown, T., Boyle, M. J., & Webb, V. (2012) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2012.11.010 · Cited by 16
“According to Velicer and Fava, a minimum of 3 items are required for a stable factor structure (Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
Method
A structural equation model of the relation between socioeconomic status, physical activity level, independence and health status in older Iranian people
Mosallanezhad, Z., Sotoudeh, G. R., Jutengren, G., Salavati, M., Harms‐Ringdahl, K., Nilsson-Wikmar, L. B., & Frändin, K. (2017) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2017.01.004 · Cited by 17
“In addition, structural models would run more logical and consistent when a large sample is included (Boomsma, 1982; Gagné & Hancock, 2006; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
Reliability of methodological and psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of congruence of personal and organizational values
Vveinhardt, J., & Gulbovaitė, E. (2018) · Oeconomia Copernicana · doi:10.24136/oc.2018.028 · Cited by 16
“As one can see, it seems that these conditions would not comply with the subscale of professional values, but according to other authors (Velicer & Fava, 1998), the Oeconomia Copernicana, 9(3), 545–571 556 minimum factor loading cannot be lower than 0.4, as the lower one shows that there is an…”
Influential
A multi-institutional and cross-sectional study on empathy in Chinese medical students: differences by student cadre or not, future career preference, and father’s education status
Yi, K., Ming-yi, K., Li, D., Wang, Z., Bai, J., Xu, H., & Ma, S. (2020) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-020-1935-x · Cited by 16
“According to Velicer and Fava [18], a minimum of three items per factor is required for a stable factor.”
Designing and psychometric evaluation of disease-related fear scale (D-RFS) in adults with epilepsy: A sequential exploratory mixed methods design
Shamsalinia, A., Moradi, M., Farahani, M. A., Masoudi, R., Ghadimi, R., Rad, R. E., Ghaletaki, G. Z., & Ghaffari, F. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107169 · Cited by 16
The Development and Psychometric Assessment of Malaysian Youth Adversity Quotient Instrument (MY-AQi) by Combining Rasch Model and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Matore, M. E. M. M., Zainal, M. A., Noh, M. F. M., Khairani, A. Z., & Razak, N. A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3050311 · Cited by 10
“For example, as more items are obtained for each factor, the tendency for the factor to be replicated is higher [81], [82].”
Background
Developing an Open Innovation Attitude Assessment Framework for Organizations: Focusing on Open Innovation Role Perspective and Locus of Activity
Jun, Y., & Kim, K. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12020046 · Cited by 16
How old is your cervical spine? Cervical spine biological age: a new evaluation scale
Wierzbicki, V., Pesce, A., Marrocco, L., Piccione, E., Colonnese, C., & Caruso, R. (2014) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-014-3673-4 · Cited by 16
“The sample we chose to build the scale from is statistically sufficient [29, 30]; however, the topic we chose is so varied, vast, and complex that it certainly deserves a larger sample as well as a different approach to the research.”
Result
Adaptación y Análisis Psicométrico de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff en Adolescentes Argentinos
Meier, L., & Oros, L. B. (2018) · Psykhe (Santiago) · doi:10.7764/psykhe.27.2.1169 · Cited by 16
The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Psychometric Properties, Invariance, Network Perspective, and Latent Profile Analysis Among a Sample of Chinese University Students
Li, L., Niu, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Mei, S. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00857-3 · Cited by 21
“Every factor should retain at least three items (Maccallum et al., 1999; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Empathy level towards patients among thai dental students: a cross-sectional study
Detsomboonrat, P., Theppanich, S., Banyen, S., Hongviphat, S., Khamnil, Y., Lapauthaya, K., Somboonsavatdee, A., & Min, S. N. (2023) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-02891-6 · Cited by 15
“Among the five factors of the eigenvalues > 1, only the first three factors met the criteria in which at least three items per factor are necessary for a stable factor [21].”
Background
Establishing the Brief Assessment of Cognition - Short form
Lam, M., Wang, M., Huang, W., Eng, G. K., Rapisarda, A., Kraus, M., Kang, S., Keefe, R. S. E., & Lee, J. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.006 · Cited by 14
“Three item solutions were chosen from prior work that suggests a minimum three items were necessary for stable factors (Anderson and Rubin, 1956; McDonald and Krane, 1979, 1977; Rindskopf, 1984; Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
Method
Robot's Impression of Appearance and Their Trustworthy and Emotion Richness
Matsui, T., & Yamada, S. (2018) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2018.8525796 · Cited by 15
“In general, one factor needs at least three variables[38].”
Background
Psychometry and estimation of cutoff points of Jefferson Scale of empathy in dental students
Diaz, V., Reyes‐Reyes, A., Calzadilla, A., Martínez, P. T., González, E., Bilbao, J., Martínez, F. D. G., Estrada-Méndez, N., Mesa, N. F., Sepúlveda, W., et al. (2020) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.12444 · Cited by 15
University chemistry students' learning approaches and willingness to change major
Lastusaari, M., & Murtonen, M. (2013) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c3rp00045a · Cited by 15
Self-perceived coping resources of middle-aged and older adults – results of a large population-based study
Boehlen, F. H., Herzog, W., Schellberg, D., Maatouk, I., Saum, K.-U., Brenner, H., & Wild, B. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1220918 · Cited by 15
“In accordance with Velicer and Fava (1998), we decided to work with a minimum factor loading of >0.4, representing moderate to strong communality.”
MethodInfluential
Developing a Genetically Informative Measure of Alcohol Consumption Using Past-12-Month Indices
Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., & Chassin, L. (2011) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2011.72.444 · Cited by 15
“Because four alcohol consumption indices were used, exploratory factor analyses were not performed (i.e., too few variables for more than one factor to be extracted; Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
Method
Civic Engagement and Personality: Associations with the Big Five and the Dark Triad
Rico‐Bordera, P., Piqueras, J. A., Soto‐Sanz, V., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, T., Marzo, J. C., Galán, M., & Pineda, D. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032126 · Cited by 14
“To determine the sample size (convenience sampling), we allocated several observations 6 to 10 times greater than the variables [48].”
Salesperson emotional intelligence at work: A resource-based perspective of subjective well-being determinants and organizational outcomes
Mallin, M. L., Hancock, T. D., Pullins, E. B., & Johnson, C. (2025) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2025.01.013 · Cited by 17
PEOPLE'S EVALUATION TOWARDS MEDIA FAÇADE AS NEW URBAN LANDMARKS AT NIGHT
Moghaddam, E. V., & Ibrahim, R. (2016) · International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR · doi:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v10i1.871 · Cited by 14
Validation of the Spanish-language version of the simplified modified Rankin Scale telephone questionnaire
Sanz, A. F., Serrano, J. R., Meza, H. T., & Moreno, J. M. (2021) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.03.019 · Cited by 14
COVID-19 Impact Battery: Development and Validation
Schmidt, N. B., Allan, N. P., Koscinski, B., Mathes, B. M., Eackles, K., Accorso, C., Saulnier, K. G., Allan, D. M., Potter, K., Garey, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09919-7 · Cited by 14
“Acceptable factors were defined as factors with three or more items (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background

Authors: Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: Velicer, Wayne F.
Fava, Joseph L.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-06
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 231-251
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.3.2.231
OpenAlex: W2014533626
Cited by: 998
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 11.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: variable sampling, sample size, factor analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery.

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks