Cited by 998Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research TopicsStatistical Methods and Applications

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Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery.

Velicer, Wayne F., Fava, Joseph L.·1998·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.3.2.231

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“In addition, Meyers et al. [30] recommend at least 10 observations per variable in multivariate analyses, and Velicer and Fava [31] support this rule of thumb.”
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“19 In both studies, we identify one factor (judgment) according to the Minimum Average Partial test (MAP test) according to Velicer and Fava (1998) that is measured in Study 1 with four items and in Study 2 with three items.”
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“That is, 8 of the initial 18 determinants were removed as they had lost all their measurement items [85,90].”
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“Since there must be at least three to ﬁ ve items in each factor, these items were also removed from the scale (Fabrigar et al., 1999; MacCallum et al., 1999; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
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“, age and education), the goal was to avoid subgroup sizes of <100 to avoid convergence issues [32].”
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“The number of variables included in a scale might affect the reliability, as suggested by some authors.(39) The same explanation could be given for other subscales built out from this questionnaire that showed similarly low reliability scores.”
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“The sample size meets the criterion agreed on by methodologists of 5 to 10 subjects per item (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
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“Sin embargo, la dimensionalidad de la EF adaptada resultó inconsistente con la estructura teórica propuesta para la prueba original ya que en uno de los factores originales cargaron sólo dos ítems, los cuales no son suficientes para constituir una dimensión (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
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“Factors are considered to be highly correlated at.8 or higher (Velicer and Fava 1998), although acceptable values in the social sciences often begin at.4 (Costello and Osborne 2005).”
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“In all solutions with more than two factors, one or more factors had less than three items (see Velicer & Fava, 1998); thus, only the one- and two-factor solutions were considered.”
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“Third, factors with at least two items were retained (Little, Lindenberger, and Nesselroade 1999; Velicer and Fava 1998).”
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“On the other hand, we did not select factors with an eigenvalue greater than 1 because this method has been shown to select too many factors [47].”
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Retracted
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“Every simulated solution was checked for adequacy regarding factor reliability (Cronbach ’ s alpha > .70), at least three salient items per factor (Velicer & Fava, 1998), and the absence of cross-loadings (Morin et al., 2020).”
Method
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“Following the literature, ten cases per dimension is considered a sufficient sample size to conduct a confirmatory factorial analysis (Arrindell and van der Ende 1985; Kunce, Cook, and Miller 1975; Velicer and Fava 1998).”
Background
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“The empirical studies of Hogarty et al. [36], MacCallum et al. [37], MacCallum et al. [38], and Velicer and Fava [39] indicate the sample size consistently.”
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“In order to reach more reliable results, .40 was determined as the minimum factor loading, as Velicer and Fava (1998) suggested.”
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“Moreover, two of the RFL scales have only three items, raising concerns about model identification when using CFA with data from a new sample (see Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2008; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Method
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“The sample 1To aid readability, in the rest of this paper we will shorten some assessment form (e.g. ’closed book exam’ and ’open book exam’ for the two forms of written examination) size was acceptable (a subject-to-variable ratio of 10.25; Velicer and Fava 1998).”
MethodInfluential
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“Proposing a scale of four items exceeds the minimum criteria of three items to identify a factor (Little et al., 1999; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
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“size to item/questions ratio ranging from 10:1 to 2:1 [4, 5].”
Background
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Personal Sense of Uniqueness Mediates the Relationship Between Compassion for Others and Subjective Well-Being
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A comparison of alternative estimation methods in confirmatory factor analyses of the general health questionnaire across four groups of Australian immigrants
Wang, W. (2005) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26274829 · Cited by 6
Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Actitudes sobre el Amor (LAS) en universitarios peruanos
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“It is important to analyze communalities since low values h2 .20 (Child, 2006) and h2 .30 (Costello & Osborne, 2005) can generate a significant alteration in the factor analysis results (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Network exploration and exploitation in international entrepreneurship: an opportunity-based view
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Mobile Money Adoption in Emerging Markets: A Case of Ghana
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Tolerability, assessment, and prediction of psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness
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High-performance work systems and school effectiveness: the case of Malaysian secondary schools
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Language equivalence of the modified falls efficacy scale (MFES) among English- and Spanish-speaking older adults: Rasch analysis
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“40, and are available upon request of the author [40].”
Background
A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence Supporting the Factor Structure of Extant Coping Instruments
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“More importantly, such items tend to contribute to the instability of the factorial solution (Guadagnoli & Velicer, 1988; Velicer & Fava, 1998) that leads to the problem of low replicability (which is even more problematic than the interpretation of the factors with salient cross-loadings).”
Background
Factors Associated With Changes in Objectively Measured Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Prospective Cohort Study
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“It is also for this reason that exploratory factor analysis cannot be performed at this time since a sample size of 50 is the minimum acceptable threshold for a scale with less than 20 items [110–112].”
Background
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“However, it was found that two factors lacked sufficient item representation, which means the number of items loaded on these factors was <3 (Velicer and Fava, 1998; Maccallum et al., 1999; Faraci et al., 2013; Park et al., 2016).”
Background
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“The communalities values were also found to be high for all the statements, since they range from 0.491 to 0.717 (Velicer & Fava, 1998; Field, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: Velicer, Wayne F.
Fava, Joseph L.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-06
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 231-251
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.3.2.231
OpenAlex: W2014533626
Cited by: 998
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 11.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: variable sampling, sample size, factor analysis

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