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Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery.

Velicer, Wayne F., Fava, Joseph L.·1998·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.3.2.231

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“A concept that is often used to differentiate PCA and FA is that the resulting factors constitute manifest factors in the case of PCA and latent factors in the case of FA (Velicer & Jackson, 1990; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
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“…Least Squares (RULS) [41] and Rotation Normalized Direct Oblimin, revising the Measure of Sampling Adequacy (MSA) [42], and choosing a set of factors that feature high communalities, strong factor loadings relative to the sample size, and a minimal number of items per factor (MIF) [43–45].”
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“There is also research that shows that even with a smaller sample size, the findings of an EFA can be valid under conditions, where there are high factor loadings, few factors, and high com-munalities, which are characteristic of the results in this study [61–65].”
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“According to Velicer and Fava (1998), in moderate conditions, the sample size should be of minimum 200 respondents.”
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“6, and four questions were a minimum requirement for each factor [26, 27].”
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“As a rule of thumb, a factor loading below 0.4 indicates the loading condition is weak; 0.6, a moderate level; between 0.6 and 0.8, being large; and 0.8 or above, being very high [61].”
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“Parallel analysis (Horn, 1965) and minimum average partials (MAP; Velicer, 1976) have been found to provide the most accurate empirical estimates of the number of factors to retain (Velicer & Fava, 1998; Velicer et al., 2000).”
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“Consistent with earlier literature (Briggs & MacCallum, 2003; De Winter & Dodou, 2016; Velicer & Fava, 1998), we chose : 4 to denote a weak factor loading and .8 to denote a strong factor loading.”
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“29 Accordingly, a sample of 260 was deemed to be adequate for the factor analysis of the 26-item HPVS-HBM.”
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“Following factor analysis, items with communalities of less than 0.4 were considered for deletion (Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
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“Instability was found in the fourth factor because it had fewer than three items (Velicer & Fava, 1998), which emphasizes the challenge of capturing all aspects of belonging within a fixed number of scale items.”
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“Velicer and Fava (1998) recommend matching the variable-to-factor ratio (e.g. 3:1, 4:1) with sample sizes from 50 to 800.”
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“The item communalities are considered „high‟, if they are all 0.8 and above (Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
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“Choice of method and size of variable and subject sample are known to affect results of factor analytic procedures (see, e.g., Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
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“Items with factor loadings lower than λ .40 (Velicer & Fava, 1998) were eliminated.”
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“The bifactor model requires two or more specific factors in the structure (Cai et al., 2011; Li & Rupp, 2011), and each specific factor needs to contain more than two items (Gomez & McLaren, 2015; MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999; Velicer & Fava, 1998; Zwick & Velicer, 1986).”
Method
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“In the literature, it is pointed out that for a factor to be highly stable, it should have at least three items (Hogarthy et al., 2005; Ford et al., 1986; Maccallum et al., 1999; Velicer & Fava, 1998).”
Background
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“Research suggests that the EFA technique produces more precise results when multiple measurable variables that are either endogenous or exogenous constructs in the analysis are used to represent each common factor (MacCallum et al., 1999; Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
Method
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“Several related articles have emphasised the significance of having considerable commonalities and a small number of factors in ensuring valid EFA results, even when working with tiny datasets (Pen-nell, 1968; Velicer & Fava, 1998; Velicer et al., 1982).”
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“3 reflect strong intercorrelations between items indicating the suitability of the construct (Velicer and Fava, 1998).”
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Authors: Velicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L.
Affiliations: University of Rhode Island (US)
ORCID: Velicer, Wayne F.
Fava, Joseph L.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-06
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: 231-251
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.3.2.231
OpenAlex: W2014533626
Cited by: 998
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 11.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: variable sampling, sample size, factor analysis

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