The prevalence of perceived discrimination among African American and Caribbean Black youth.
Open accessAbstract
The present study examined ethnic, gender, and age differences in perceived discrimination and the association between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being in a nationally representative sample of Black adolescents. Data are from the National Survey of African Life (NSAL), which includes 810 African American and 360 Caribbean Black youth. Results indicate that the majority of Black youth perceived at least 1 discriminatory incident in the previous year. Adolescents at later stages of development perceived more discrimination than those at earlier stages, and African American and Caribbean Black males perceived more discrimination than their female counterparts. Perceptions of discrimination were positively linked to depressive symptoms and were negatively linked to self-esteem and life satisfaction, regardless of ethnicity. However, Caribbean Black youth appear to be more vulnerable when they perceive high levels of discrimination.
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Racial trauma is ubiquitous and omnipresent in the life of racialized people.
“One of the important aspects of racial trauma is its ubiquity and omnipresence in the life of racialized people.”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Seaton et al., 2008
The Discussion reports that most African American and Caribbean Black youth experienced at least one discriminatory incident in the past year and describes discrimination as pervasive. It does not establish that racial trauma is omnipresent throughout the lives of all racialized people; the study concerns perceived discrimination in specific youth populations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the United States, racialized groups including Black, Hispanic, Indigenous, and Asian individuals are very commonly victims of microaggressions and racial discrimination.
“Studies conducted in the United States showed that racialized groups, including Black, Hispanic, Indigenous, and Asian individuals, are very commonly victims of microaggressions and racial discrimination”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Seaton et al., 2008
The Results (page unavailable) report that 87% of African American youth and 90% of Caribbean Black youth experienced at least one discriminatory incident in the past year. This supports the claim for Black youth, but the paper does not establish that discrimination is similarly common among Hispanic, Indigenous, or Asian individuals, or separately report the prevalence of microaggressions. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1288-1297
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC2556985
- OpenAlex
- W2059278126
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 54.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01-MH-57716, T32 MH 067555)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- perceived discrimination, Black adolescents, African American youth, ethnic differences, gender differences, age differences, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, life satisfaction, psychological well-being
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Age Factors, Black or African American, Culture, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Social Perception, Caribbean Region, Black People
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