Daily multidimensional racial discrimination among Black U.S. American adolescents
Open accessAbstract
This study examined frequencies and psychological effects of daily racial discrimination experienced individually, vicariously, online, offline, and through teasing. Participants were 101 Black U.S. American adolescents for this ecological momentary assessment study that measured daily racial discrimination and 14-day depressive symptoms slopes. Confirmatory factor analyses specified subscales, t-test analyses compared subscale means, and hierarchical linear analyses tested associations between subscales and depressive symptoms slopes. Results showed that six subscales fit the data well: individual general, vicarious general, individual online, vicarious online, individual teasing, and vicarious teasing. Participants reported 5606 experiences of racial discrimination during the study and averaged 5.21 experiences per day across the six subscales. The two online subscales were more frequent than the offline subscales. Aside from online vicarious experiences, all subscales were positively associated with depressive symptoms slopes. Findings underscore the multidimensional, quotidian, and impactful nature of racial discrimination in the lives of Black adolescents in the U.S.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Digital discrimination is linked to various mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and stress.
“Digital discrimination is linked to various mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and stress.176”
From Digital Ecosystems, Children, and Adolescents: Technical Report (2026) · cites this paper as [176]
The Results report that individual online racial discrimination was associated with increases in depressive symptoms among Black U.S. adolescents, but vicarious online discrimination was not. The study did not report anxiety or stress as measured mental-health outcomes; the Discussion mentions stress reactions only as a possible explanation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial media represents another environment where Black youth encounter racial discrimination and oppression.
“Social media represents another environment where Black youth encounter racial discrimination and oppression [ 81 – 83 ].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638 · see citing works
Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.4.271 · Cited by 5,569 · see citing works
The Psychology of Survey Response
Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819322 · Cited by 4,734 · see citing works
Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2002) · Cited by 2,708 · see citing works
Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory
Essed, P. (1991) · doi:10.4135/9781483345239 · Cited by 2,461 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition to these more overt forms, there are subtle, nuanced slights and insults based on phenotypic traits and/or racial group identification referred to as daily racial hassles (Pierce, 1970) or everyday racism (Essed, 1991).”
BackgroundAn Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
Coll, C. G., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x · Cited by 2,360 · see citing works
An Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
Coll, C. G., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R. R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K. A., Wasik, B. H., & García, H. A. V. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131600 · Cited by 2,304 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients Between Models
Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230638 · Cited by 2,124 · see citing works
Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology
Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018082 · Cited by 1,835 · see citing works
Understanding Generation Y and their use of social media: a review and research agenda
Bolton, R. N., Parasuraman, A., Hoefnagels, A., Migchels, N. G., Kabadayi, S., Gruber, T., Loureiro, Y. K., & Solnet, D. (2013) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/09564231311326987 · Cited by 1,339 · see citing works
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Syed, M., Yip, T., Seaton, E., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12196 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
Answering Autobiographical Questions: The Impact of Memory and Inference on Surveys
Bradburn, N. M., Rips, L. J., & Shevell, S. K. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3563494 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984960222002 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Discrimination Distress During Adolescence
Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1026455906512 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106012 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Current Methodological Considerations in Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Schmitt, T. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911406653 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Greene, M. L., Way, N., & Pahl, K. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review.
Benner, A. D., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Boyle, A. E., Polk, R., & Cheng, Y. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000204 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Bradford, J., Reisner, S. L., Honnold, J. A., & Xavier, J. M. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300796 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Scaled and Adjusted Restricted Tests in Multi-Sample Analysis of Moment Structures
Satorra, A. (2000) · Advanced studies in theoretical and applied econometrics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4603-0_17 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.031 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Sellers, R. M., Copeland‐Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. (2006) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Capturing momentary, self-report data: A proposal for reporting guidelines
Stone, A. A., & Shiffman, S. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2403_09 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Brody, G. H., Chen, Y.-F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Racist America: roots, current realities, and future reparations
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-0562 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., & Holder, A. M. B. (2008) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.39.3.329 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
(2015) · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Rosenbloom, S. R., & Way, N. (2004) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x03261479 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
The Science of Asking Questions
Schaeffer, N. C., & Presser, S. (2003) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.110702.110112 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Wills, T. A., & Brody, G. H. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.517 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Children's Perceptions of Discrimination: A Developmental Model
Brown, C. S., & Bigler, R. S. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00862.x · Cited by 537 · see citing works
60 Years AfterBrown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation
Reardon, S. F., & Owens, A. M. D. (2014) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043152 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism
Rothenberg, P. (2004) · Cited by 513 · see citing works
The prevalence of perceived discrimination among African American and Caribbean Black youth.
Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012747 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Just teasing: a conceptual analysis and empirical review
Keltner, D., Capps, L., Kring, A. M., Young, R. C., & Heerey, E. A. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.229 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
The Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy
Taylor, D. M., Wright, S. C., Moghaddam, F. M., & Lalonde, R. N. (1990) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167290162006 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Chavous, T. M., Rivas-Drake, D., Smalls, C., Griffin, T., & Cogburn, C. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.637 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616659391 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Understanding everyday racism: an interdisciplinary theory
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4816 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Racial Microaggressions Against Black Americans: Implications for Counseling
Sue, D. W., Nadal, K. L., Capodilupo, C. M., Lin, A. I., Torino, G. C., & Rivera, D. P. (2008) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00517.x · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Neblett, E. W., Philip, C. L., Cogburn, C. D., & Sellers, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798406287072 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Transmitting Trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health
Heard‐Garris, N., Cale, M., Camaj, L., Hamati, M. C., & Dominguez, T. P. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.018 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1998) · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Online Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment Among Adolescents
Tynes, B. M., Giang, M. T., Williams, D. R., & Thompson, G. N. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citationBrody, G. H., Lei, M., Chae, D. H., Yu, T., Kogan, S. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12213 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
The Impact of Perceived Racism: Psychological Symptoms Among African American Boys
Nyborg, V. M., & Curry, J. F. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3202_11 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Clark, R., Coleman, A. P., & Novak, J. D. (2004) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.09.004 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Krysan, M., & Couper, M. P. (2003) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1519835 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Discrimination, Racial Identity, and Cytokine Levels Among African-American Adolescents
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.017 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Humor Styles as Mediators Between Self-Evaluative Standards and Psychological Well-Being
Kuiper, N. A., & McHale, N. (2009) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3200/jrlp.143.4.359-376 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“They were just making jokes”: Ethnic/racial teasing and discrimination among adolescents.
Douglass, S., Mirpuri, S., English, D., & Yip, T. (2015) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000041 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationPittman, L. D., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2001) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00010 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
It Takes a Village: Protecting Rural African American Youth in the Context of Racism
Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Cutrona, C. E., & Gibbons, F. X. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9346-z · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Innovations in Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Satorra, A., Pollock, D. S. G., & Heijmans, R. D. H. (2000) · Advanced studies in theoretical and applied econometrics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4603-0 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Yip, T., Cheon, Y. M., Wang, Y., Cham, H., Tryon, W. W., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13234 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Perceived Racism and Discrimination in Children and Youths: An Exploratory Study
Pachter, L. M., Bernstein, B. A., Szalacha, L. A., & Coll, C. G. (2010) · Health & Social Work · doi:10.1093/hsw/35.1.61 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., Reynolds, L., & Greenfield, P. M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.09.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Development and Validation of the Online Victimization Scale for Adolescents
Tynes, B. M., Rose, C. A., & Williams, D. R. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationEnglish, D., Lambert, S. F., & Ialongo, N. S. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034703 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationRacism on the Internet: Conceptualization and recommendations for research.
Keum, B. T., & Miller, M. J. (2018) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000201 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., Rose, C. A., & Markoe, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Diversity in Higher Education · doi:10.1037/a0033267 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationCooper, S. M., Brown, C., Metzger, I. W., Clinton, Y., & Guthrie, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9608-y · Cited by 106 · see citing works
New directions for racial discrimination research as inspired by the integrative model.
Seaton, E. K., Gee, G. C., Neblett, E. W., & Spanierman, L. B. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000315 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and racial identity: Daily moderation among Black youth.
Seaton, E. K., & Iida, M. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000367 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The relationship between anxiety disorders in adults and recalled childhood teasing
McCabe, R. E., Miller, J., Laugesen, N., Antony, M. M., & Young, L. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.11.002 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Silvia, P. J., Kwapil, T. R., Walsh, M. A., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0353-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Unfair Treatment, Discrimination, and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Black and White Adolescents.
Matthews, K. A., Salomon, K., Kenyon, K., & Zhou, F. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.258 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Bynum, M. S., Lambert, S. F., English, D., & Ialongo, N. S. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000571 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relationship Between Childhood Teasing and Later Interpersonal Functioning
Ledley, D. R., Storch, E. A., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Moser, J. S., & Bravata, E. A. (2005) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-006-4539-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Clark, R., & Gochett, P. (2006) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3201_1 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Laurent, H. K., Gilliam, K. S., Wright, D. B., & Fisher, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000009 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., Toro, J. D., & Lozada, F. T. (2015) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.17105/spr-15-0095.1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationBowleg, L., English, D., del Río‐González, A. M., Burkholder, G. J., Teti, M., & Tschann, J. M. (2016) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000026 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroaggressions and Daily Experience
Ong, A. D., & Burrow, A. L. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616664505 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Racist America: Roots, Current Realities, and Future Reparations
Inwood, J. F. J. (2015) · The AAG Review of Books · doi:10.1080/2325548x.2015.985530 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
English, D., Lambert, S. F., & Ialongo, N. S. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.05.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing Different Planned Missingness Designs in Longitudinal Studies
Wood, J., Matthews, G. J., Pellowski, J. A., & Harel, O. (2018) · Sankhya B · doi:10.1007/s13571-018-0170-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Douglass, S. (2013) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 82 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Emdin C (2016). For white folks who teach in the hood... And the rest of y’all too: Reality pedagogy and urban education. Beacon press.
- English D (2017). Keep it REAL: Measuring common racial experiences among African American adolescents. The George Washington University: Doctoral dissertation.
- Kimmel M, & Ferber A (Eds.). (2016). Privilege: A Reader. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
- McLaughlin EC (2015). We’re not seeing more police shootings, just more news coverage. Vol. 2015 New York Times Published April 21.
- Medina SP, Lewis V, & Pati S (2010). The relationship between parental educational attainment and perceived racial discrimination among African- female adolescents. Penn McNair Research Journal, 2(1), 7.
- Muthén LK, & Muthén BO (1998–2017). Mplus User’s Guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
- National Urban League (2018). Powering the digital revolution: State of Black America. vol. 2018. Retrieved at: http://soba.iamempowered.com/2018-equality-index.
- Pierce C (1970). Offensive mechanisms. In Barbour F (Ed.). The black seventies (pp. 265– 282). Boston: Porter Sargent.
- Quintana SM, & McKown C (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.Hoboken.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bernard, D. L., Calhoun, C. D., Banks, D. E., Halliday, C. A., Halbert, C. H., & Danielson, C. K. (2020) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00319-9 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Black People Coping With Racism: Approaches, Analysis, and Empowerment
Jacob, G., Faber, S. C., Faber, N. S., Bartlett, A., Ouimet, A. J., & Williams, M. T. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221100509 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Exposure to Social Media Racial Discrimination and Mental Health among Adolescents of Color
Tao, X., & Fisher, C. B. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01514-z · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Bernard, D. L., Smith, Q., & Lanier, P. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22760 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Galán, C. A., Stokes, L. R., Szoko, N., Abebe, K. Z., & Culyba, A. J. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.16364 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., English, D., Toro, J. D., Smith, N. A., Lozada, F. T., & Williams, D. R. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13350 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationCriss, S., Michaels, E. K., Solomon, K., Allen, A. M., & Nguyen, T. T. X. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00894-5 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Trauma-Informed Social Media: Towards Solutions for Reducing and Healing Online Harm
Scott, C. F., Marcu, G. M., Anderson, R. E., Newman, M., & Schoenebeck, S. Y. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581512 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bardol, O., Grot, S., Oh, H. Y., Poulet, E., Zeroug-Vial, H., Brunelin, J., & Leaune, É. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172000094x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Lozada, F. T., Riley, T. N., Catherine, E., & Brown, D. W. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12699 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Maxie-Moreman, A. D., & Tynes, B. M. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12732 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal Childhood Adversity Associates With Frontoamygdala Connectivity in Neonates
Hendrix, C. L., Dilks, D. D., McKenna, B. G., Dunlop, A. L., Corwin, E. J., & Brennan, P. A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.11.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Woody, M. L., Bell, E., Cruz, N., Wears, A., Anderson, R. E., & Price, R. B. (2022) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470221118574 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Emmer, C., Dorn, J., & Mata, J. (2024) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000419 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mereish, E. H., Parra, L. A., Watson, R. J., & Fish, J. N. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01294-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mereish, E. H., Miranda, R., Liu, Y., & Hawthorne, D. J. (2021) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000556 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Legette, K. B., Rogers, L. O., & Warren, C. A. (2020) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085920933319 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Online Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adolescents in 2020
Toro, J. D., & Wang, M. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.004 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Resilience Factors in African American Youth Mental Health
Neblett, E. W. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-015146 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Lavner, J. A., Hart, A. R., Carter, S. E., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.04.020 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Weinstein, M., Jensen, M. R., & Tynes, B. M. (2021) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000436 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationGale, A. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105173 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Anderson, R. E., Jones, S. C. T., Saleem, F. T., Metzger, I. W., Anyiwo, N., Nisbeth, K. S., Bess, K., Resnicow, K., & Stevenson, H. C. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13607 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Rogers, L. O., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Sahaguian, L., Padilla, D., & Minor, I. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12483 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vicarious Discrimination, Psychosocial Resources, and Mental Health among Black Americans
Louie, P., & Upenieks, L. (2022) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725221079279 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prichett, L. M., Yolken, R. H., Severance, E. G., Carmichael, D., Zeng, Y., Lu, Y., Young, A. S., & Kumra, T. (2024) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2024.01.021 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mougianis, I. D., Cohen, L. L., Martin, S. R., Shneider, C. E., & Bishop, M. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa035 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cooper, S. M., Burnett, M., Golden, A. R., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., & Inniss‐Thompson, M. N. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12716 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Carter, S. E., Gibbons, F. X., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001073 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Jones, S. C. T., Anderson, R. E., & Metzger, I. W. (2020) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1796546 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Loyd, A. B., Kürüm, E., Crooks, N. K., Maya, A., Emerson, E. M., & Donenberg, G. R. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12710 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
An Intersectional‐Contextual Approach to Racial Trauma Exposure Risk and Coping Among Black Youth
Galán, C. A., Auguste, E. E., Smith, N. A., & Meza, J. I. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12757 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Saleem, F. T., Legette, K. B., & Byrd, C. M. (2022) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.01.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lei, M., Lavner, J. A., Carter, S. E., Hart, A. R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000822 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., Stewart, A. M., Hamilton, M., & Willis, H. A. (2021) · International Journal of Multicultural Education · doi:10.18251/ijme.v23i1.2463 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationLu, Y., & Wang, C. (2021) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000247 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tynes, B. M., Maxie-Moreman, A., Hoang, T.-M. H., Willis, H. A., & English, D. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4961 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationZimmerman, G. M., & Miller-Smith, A. (2022) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102623 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Martin Luther King Fixed It”: Children Making Sense of Racial Identity in a Colorblind Society
Rogers, L. O., Moffitt, U., & Foo, C. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13628 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ye, F., Cheon, Y. M., Yip, T., & Cham, H. (2021) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000906 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD Related to Racial Discrimination
Halstead, M., Reed, S., Krause, R., & Williams, M. T. (2021) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650121990894 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Keum, B. T. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221117247 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The neurophysiological consequences of racism-related stressors in Black Americans
Webb, E. K., Carter, S. E., Ressler, K. J., Fani, N., & Harnett, N. G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105638 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Suicide in African American Adolescents: Understanding Risk by Studying Resilience
Robinson, W. L., Whipple, C. R., Keenan, K., Flack, C. E., & Wingate, L. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021819 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gentzler, A. L., Hughes, J. L., Johnston, M., & Alderson, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12243 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Benner, A. D., Wang, Y., Chen, S., & Boyle, A. E. (2022) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2022.101025 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Understanding and responding to the effects of trauma in the classroom: A primer for educators
Koslouski, J. B., Stark, K., & Chafouleas, S. M. (2023) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2023.100004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Minoritized Youth
Njoroge, W., Forkpa, M., & Bath, E. P. J. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01297-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hope, E. C., Volpe, V. V., Briggs, A. S., & Benson, G. P. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13744 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Leath, S. C., Inniss‐Thompson, M. N., Allen, P. C., D'Almeida, M. E. D. A., & Boyd, D. T. (2022) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000538 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nam, S., Jeon, S., Ash, G. I., Whittemore, R., & Vlahov, D. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25687 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Layug, A., Krishnamurthy, S., McKenzie, R., & Feng, B. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/38589 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Anderson, R. E., Johnson, N., Jones, S. C. T., Patterson, A., & Anyiwo, N. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2384025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yusuf, H. E., Copeland‐Linder, N., Young, A. S., Matson, P. A., & Trent, M. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2021.11.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and romantic relationship dynamics among Black Americans: A systematic review
Rice, T. M., Jenkins, A. I. C., Smith, S. M., Alexander, C. S., & McGregor, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12535 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Impact of Daily Discrimination on Sleep/Wake Problem Trajectories Among Diverse Adolescents
Xie, M., Yip, T., Cham, H., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13605 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Thomas, A., Jing, M., Chen, H., & Crawford, E. L. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01689-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Expanding digital citizenship education to address tough issues
Mirra, N., McGrew, S., Kahne, J. E., Garcia, A., & Tynes, B. M. (2022) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/00317217221079976 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationBernard, D. L., López, C. M., Banks, D. E., Hahn, A. M., & Danielson, C. K. (2023) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000679 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Luta Continua: Next Steps for Racism Research Among Black American Youth
Seaton, E. K. (2020) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12388 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and ethnic racial identity in adolescence as modulators of HPA axis activity
Adam, E. K., Hittner, E. F., Thomas, S., Villaume, S. C., & Nwafor, E. E. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457942000111x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bernard, D. L., Halliday, C. A., Are, F. G., Banks, D. E., & Danielson, C. K. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01132-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Trends in Suicide Among Black Women in the United States, 1999–2020
Joseph, V. A., Martínez‐Alés, G., Olfson, M., Shaman, J. L., Gould, M. S., Gimbrone, C., & Keyes, K. M. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230254 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Madriaza, P., Hassan, G., Brouillette‐Alarie, S., Mounchingam, A. N., Durocher‐Corfa, L., Borokhovski, E., Pickup, D. I., & Paillé, S. (2025) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.70018 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Trofholz, A., Tate, A., Janowiec, M., Fertig, A., Loth, K., de Brito, J. N., & Berge, J. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30525 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Racism and Indigenous Adolescent Development: A Scoping Review
Uink, B. N., Bennett, R. J., Bullen, J., Lin, A. P., Martin, G., Woods, J., & Paradies, Y. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12754 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Burnett, M., McBride, M., Green, M. N., & Cooper, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933476 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Anyiwo, N., Anderson, R., Marchand, A. D., Diemer, M. A., & Garrett, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2652 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
State of the Science on Racial Microaggressions
Osman, M., Williams, M. T., & Alftieh, A. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.05.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lessons of Resistance from Black Mothers to their Black Sons
Das, S., Pitts, J. B., Arevalo, K., Cox, B., Blood, T., Hughes, D. L., Coulanges, V., Keryc, C., Rogers, O., & Way, N. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12740 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wilson, T. K., Riley, A., Khetarpal, S. K., Abernathy, P., Booth, J. M., & Culyba, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.028 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Jones, S. C. T., Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2021) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-021-00044-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Wadsworth, H. E. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13937 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The social psychology of everyday life
Hofmann, W., & Grigoryan, L. K. (2023) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2023.06.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Polanco-Roman, L. A., Ebrahimi, C. T., Satinsky, E. N., Benau, E. M., Lanes, A. M., Iyer, M. R., & Galán, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2292042 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Boyd, D. T., Quinn, C. R., Durkee, M. I., Williams, E. G., Constant, A. S., Washington, D. M., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., & Ewing, A. P. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19519-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Racial discrimination predicts depressive symptoms throughout adolescence among Black youth.
Lavner, J. A., Ong, M. L., Carter, S. E., Hart, A. R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2022) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001456 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Onovbiona, H., Quetsch, L. B., & Bradley, R. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06166-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
What attachment scholars can learn from research on Black family resilience
Stern, J. A., Coard, S. I., Barbarin, O. A., & Cassidy, J. A. (2023) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12492 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Prichett, L. M., Yolken, R. H., Severance, E. G., Young, A. S., Carmichael, D., Zeng, Y., & Kumra, T. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.08.036 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Racial Discrimination and Risk for Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms Among Black Youths
Oshri, A., Reck, A., Carter, S. E., Uddin, L. Q., Geier, C. F., Beach, S. R. H., Brody, G. H., Kogan, S. M., & Sweet, L. H. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16491 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Galán, C. A., Savell, S. M., Wilson, M. N., & Shaw, D. S. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12766 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Racial Discrimination and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Black Adults
Heard‐Garris, N., Yu, T., Brody, G. H., Chen, E., Ehrlich, K. B., & Miller, G. E. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5288 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Black Lives Matter! Adolescent Research Incrementally Dismantles Racism and Systems of Oppression
Witherspoon, D. P., Wray‐Lake, L., & Halgunseth, L. C. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12736 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Digital White Racial Socialization: Social Media and the Case of Whiteness
Frey, W. R., Ward, L. M., Weiss, A., & Cogburn, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12775 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Patterns of critical consciousness and associations with sociocultural factors in black adolescents
Briggs, A. S., Hope, E. C., & Cryer‐Coupet, Q. R. (2022) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2658 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Loyd, A. B., Humphries, M. L., Moore, C. L., Owens, C. L., Smith, A. M., & Williams, N. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241249360 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Beach, S. R. H., Gibbons, F. X., Carter, S. E., Ong, M. L., Lavner, J. A., Lei, M.-K., Simons, R. L., Gerrard, M., & Philibert, R. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001541 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A daily diary study on associations between school-based ethnic discrimination and school engagement
Civitillo, S., Jugert, P., Yip, T., Lui, P. P., & Titzmann, P. F. (2024) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-024-09919-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Volpe, V. V., Benson, G. P., Czoty, L., & Daniel, C. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01410-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Conner, J. O., Goldstein, M., Mammen, J., Hernandez, J., Phillippo, K. L., Pope, D. C., & Davidson, S. (2023) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/725585 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Abitante, G., Haraden, D. A., Pine, A. E., Cole, D. A., & Garber, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.038 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Discrimination, critical consciousness, and mental health in American youth of color
Desmarais, A., & Christophe, N. (2024) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.13026 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Building Adolescent Self-efficacy and Resilience Through Social Action
Sedillo-Hamann, D. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-021-00788-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Matsuzaka, S., Avery, L. R., Stanton, A. G., & Espinel, S. (2022) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-022-01296-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Volpert‐Esmond, H. I., Landor, A. M., & Bartholow, B. D. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221131029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Intersecting Identities and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury among Youth
Angoff, H. D., McGraw, J. S., & Docherty, M. (2020) · Identity · doi:10.1080/15283488.2020.1863216 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kwon, E., Metzger, I. W., & Kogan, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Structural Racism and Criminal Violence: An Analysis of State-Level Variation in Homicide
Unnever, J. D., Stults, B. J., & Messner, S. F. (2021) · Race and Justice · doi:10.1177/21533687211015287 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Park, J., Hallman, J., Liu, X., & Hancock, J. T. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231191542 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- English, D., Lambert, S. F., Tynes, B. M., Bowleg, L., Zea, M. C., & Howard, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- English, Devin
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 66
- Pages
- 101068
- ISSN
- 0193-3973 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8117402
- OpenAlex
- W2995375649
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 14
- FWCI
- 56.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, Black adolescents, vicarious discrimination, online discrimination, teasing, depressive symptoms, ecological momentary assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
