The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mind over milkshakes: Mindsets, not just nutrients, determine ghrelin response.
Abstract
Objective To test whether physiological satiation as measured by the gut peptide ghrelin may vary depending on the mindset in which one approaches consumption of food. Methods On 2 separate occasions, participants (n = 46) consumed a 380-calorie milkshake under the pretense that it was either a 620-calorie "indulgent" shake or a 140-calorie "sensible" shake. Ghrelin was measured via intravenous blood samples at 3 time points: baseline (20 min), anticipatory (60 min), and postconsumption (90 min). During the first interval (between 20 and 60 min) participants were asked to view and rate the (misleading) label of the shake. During the second interval (between 60 and 90 min) participants were asked to drink and rate the milkshake. Results The mindset of indulgence produced a dramatically steeper decline in ghrelin after consuming the shake, whereas the mindset of sensibility produced a relatively flat ghrelin response. Participants' satiety was consistent with what they believed they were consuming rather than the actual nutritional value of what they consumed. Conclusions The effect of food consumption on ghrelin may be psychologically mediated, and mindset meaningfully affects physiological responses to food.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Early work in this area demonstrated negative impacts on taste, satiety, and preference when unhealthy or ambiguously healthy foods (e.g., crackers, cookies) were labeled as healthy as opposed to unhealthy, tasty, or neutral (Crum et al., 2011; Finkelstein & Fishbach, 2010; Lähteenmäki et al., 2010; Raghunathan et al., 2006; Suher et al., 2016; Wansink & Chandon, 2006; Wardle & Huon, 2000).”
From Increasing Vegetable Intake by Emphasizing Tasty and Enjoyable Attributes: A Randomized Controlled Multisite Intervention for Taste-Focused Labeling (2019) · cites this paper as Crum et al., 2011
Citations
Cites
Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062 · Cited by 2,477
A Comprehensive Review of the Placebo Effect: Recent Advances and Current Thought
Price, D. D., Finniss, D. G., & Benedetti, F. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.113006.095941 · Cited by 1,146
Ghrelin and the short- and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight
Cummings, D. E. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.022 · Cited by 620
Wardle, J. (1987) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(87)90072-9 · Cited by 324
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–242 of 242
Schaefer, M., Kühnel, A., & Enge, S. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000518803 · Cited by 1
Information About the Optimism of a Placebo/Nocebo Provider and Placebo/Nocebo Side Effects
Schlintl, C., & Schienle, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608595 · Cited by 1
Response to Lynch et al: On measuring head motion and effects of head molds during fMRI
Jolly, E., Sadhukha, S., & Chang, L. J. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117484 · Cited by 1
Eating behavior from the perspective of embodied cognition: Based on the mental simulation approach
Xiong, S.-H., Sun, H.-J., Lu, J., et al. (2020) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2020.00486 · Cited by 1
Selection Does Not Equate Consumption—Reply
Turnwald, B. P., Boles, D. Z., & Crum, A. J. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.6728 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCognitive and sensory enhanced satiety
McCrickerd, K. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119044970.ch6 · Cited by 2
Commentary on Crum, Corbin, Brownell, and Salovey (2011)
Tomiyama, A., & Mann, T. L. (2011) · doi:10.1037/a0023999 · Cited by 1
Effects of Health Claims on Consumption and Taste in Children: The Moderating Effects of Sex.
Tirelli, A. (2018) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-21466 · Cited by 1
Ouimet, A. J., Dixon‐Luinenburg, T., & Rooyakkers, M. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00093-4 · Cited by 13
Khalid, I., Flament, B., Rodrigues, B., Morris, J., Fossati, P., Meißner, K., & Schmidt, L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.03.749135
Perceived Time Shapes Physical Fatigue Accumulation and Its Neural Oscillatory Correlates
Matta, P., Duclay, J., Baurès, R., & Alamia, A. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.77165
“A prevalent approach to exploring this relationship involves deceptively manipulating participants’ beliefs while recording psychophysiological variables [ 2–5 ].”
Addressing demand artifacts in psychological research (and beyond)
Corneille, O., Bernard, C. F., & Lush, P. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03155-1 · Cited by 2
“…sort on biological measures too, such as when labelling a milkshake as Light versus Indul-gent influences participants’ gut peptide Ghrelin level (Crum et al., 2011), when framing housekeeping as a physical activity recommended by the Surgeon General reduces heart pressure and body fat (Crum &…”
Fan, X., Deng, H., Ng, J., Aziz, A. A. H. B. A., & Naharudin, M. N. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1834757 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies have shown that mindsets and expectations can in fl uence ghrelin responses independently of actual nutrient content (Crum et al., 2011) and that placebo manipulations can alter subjective appetite and satiety perceptions (Hoffmann et al., 2018).”
Gray, D., & Kiely, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1827074
“Each of these psychological processes can be shaped, filtered, directed and expressed through an individual’s prevailing mindset which ultimately drives behaviours and neurophysiological processes that can hamper or benefit future performance (42, 51, 53, 56, 57, 61, 62, 68, 69, 79 – 81).”
When does food act as a social surrogate? The interplay of need to belong and social context
Sproesser, G., Straßheim, J., Schupp, H. T., & Renner, B. (2026) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2026.108539
Meal timing and ghrelin: A chrononutritional perspective on weight regulation potential
Khaira, F., & Sulastri, D. (2026) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2026.2624753
“Cognitive processes may also modulate ghrelin secretion, as shown by Crum et al. (2011), who demonstrated that participants believing a milkshake was high-calorie showed a greater post-prandial decline in ghrelin than when they believed it was low-calorie, even though both drinks had identical…”
Al-Awan, Z., Prinea, E., & Skvortsova, A. (2026) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaag036
Zhang, X., Perrigue, M. M., Schenk, J. M., Drewnowski, A., Wang, C., Beatty, S. J., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2025) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.24265
Antidepressant effects of exercise: Does mindset matter?
Kohnle, K., & Ingram, R. E. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.100901
Investigation of whether oxytocin and trust play a role in placebo effects of marketing actionsPreprint
Schelski, D. S., Scheele, D., Schmidt, L., Hurlemann, R., Weber, B., & Plaßmann, H. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518177
Manee, F. M., & Abkhiz, S. (2024) · International Journal of Psychology (IPA) · doi:10.66224/ijpb.18.2.9
“…moderate the impact of job demands on burnout and subjective well-being, could enhance the current understanding, address existing gaps, and prove advantageous in practice, as it is a skill that can be learned and developed (Crum, Corbin, Brownell, & Salovey, 2011; Crum, Salovey, & Achor, 2013).”
The borderline effect for diabetes: when no difference makes a difference
Aungle, P. J., & Langer, E. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1333248
“Such is often the effect of labels: they influence how we make sense of experience and consequently shape behavior, affect, and physiology (Rosenhan, 1973; Chanowitz and Langer, 1981; Crum and Langer, 2007; Langer, 2009; Levy et al., 2009; Crum et al., 2011; Turnwald et al., 2019; Levy, 2022).”
BackgroundWansink, B. C., & Cherry, L. (2023) · Epidemiology and Public Health · doi:10.52768/epidemiolpublichealth/1019
“Overall it has been found that people’s reported level of fullness and satiety is based largely on what they perceive themselves to be eating and not what they actually consumed [28].”
BackgroundHathaway, L., & O'Shields, B. (2023) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000909
Almada, S. J., & Panozzo, G. (2023) · Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice · doi:10.17161/gjcpp.v14i3.22905
“…such that it is recalled favorably (Braun, 1999); change how food (i.e., yogurt) taste by labeling it either “low fat” (unfavorable) versus “full fat” (favorable) (Wardle & Solomons, 1994); and repress the body’s physiological mechanisms for regulating food consumption (Crum et al., 2011).”
Pathania, M., Kumari, R., Jain, V., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Evidence · doi:10.4103/jme.jme_75_23
Taste matters: Mapping expectancy-based appetitive placebo effects onto the brainPreprint
Khalid, I., Rodrigues, B., Dreyfus, H., Frileux, S., Meißner, K., Fossati, P., Hare, T. A., & Schmidt, L. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.14.527858
Rademacher, J., Raddatz, D., & Ellrott, T. (2021) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.577 · Cited by 1
“Test subjects showed lower ghrelin levels after consuming a presumably high‐calorie milkshake than after consuming a supposedly “healthier” shake with an identical calorie content.(32) An evaluation of the food photos after the presentations by the partic-”
BackgroundBiološke osnove placebo-učinka
Šaravanja, N., & Ivanec, D. (2020) · Journal of Applied Health Sciences · doi:10.24141/1/6/2/10 · Cited by 1
Suzuki, M., Miyata, K., Wada, Y., et al. (2020) · The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.78.223
Aussichtslose Fälle? Ändere deine Sichtweise!
Gillhofer, H., & Wagner, J. (2019) · Diabetes aktuell · doi:10.1055/a-1031-7786
How your mind can beat the power of food
Roefs, A. (2019) · doi:10.26481/spe.20190614ar
“380 kcal vanilla milkshake Crum et al. (2011).”
Size Zero – Essstörungen verstehen, erkennen und behandeln.
Tschitsaz, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000374
Jaffé, M. E., Reinhard, M., Ask, K., & Greifeneder, R. (2018) · Open Psychology · doi:10.1515/psych-2018-0002 · Cited by 1
“As DePaulo et al. (2003) show that truths tend to make more sense than lies, and the general coherence of a statement seems to be a valid cue for deception detection, individuals in high (vs. low) level mindsets may be more attentive to valid cues and, hence, achieve higher truth/lie detection accuracy. Construal Leve…”
BackgroundA Conversation about Healthy Eating
Lesica, N. A. (2017) · UCL Press eBooks · doi:10.14324/111.9781911576754 · Cited by 1
Johnson, N. K., Adair, M. E., Johnson, L., et al. (2025) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn30.3.288
“For instance, Crum et al. (2011) found that mindsetbased interventions can significantly influence physiological responses.”
Psychosocial Mechanisms of Psychosomatic Symptoms
Baloh, R. W. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59181-6_6 · Cited by 2
Flavor Processing in the Brain
Rolls, E. T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23884-4 · Cited by 2
Kindermann, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-28161-8_4 · Cited by 1
Beyond Regret: Cognitive Strategies for Healthier Eating and Weight-Loss
Kanellopoulou, E. (2013) · doi:10.7916/d8-s9gc-th48
Demystifying The Mind-Body Connection: The Neuroscience Behind How Thoughts Impact Physical Health
Pantis, S. (2023) · doi:10.22371/02.2023.004 · Cited by 1
“Thus, the ghrelin pathway is susceptible to thoughts – there seems to be some crossover between conscious thought and subconscious, autonomic pathways (Crum et al., 2011; Huberman, 2022).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Crum, A. J., Corbin, W. R., Brownell, K. D., & Salovey, P.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- Health Psychology
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 424-429
- ISSN
- 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2092456099
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2011-07-11)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Rudd Foundation
- Yale Center for Clinical Investigation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- ghrelin, mindset, food labeling, satiety, milkshakes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Eating, Humans, Satiation, Ghrelin, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
