Implicit statistical learning is directly associated with the acquisition of syntax
Open accessAbstract
This article reports on an individual differences study that investigated the role of implicit statistical learning in the acquisition of syntax in children. One hundred children ages 4 years 5 months through 6 years 11 months completed a test of implicit statistical learning, a test of explicit declarative learning, and standardized tests of verbal and nonverbal ability. They also completed a syntactic priming task, which provided a dynamic index of children's facility to detect and respond to changes in the input frequency of linguistic structure. The results showed that implicit statistical learning ability was directly associated with the long-term maintenance of the primed structure. The results constitute the first empirical demonstration of a direct association between implicit statistical learning and syntactic acquisition in children.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Language development relies on implicit learning of regularities in speech and their pairing with visual cues in the environment.
“Language development relies on implicit learning of regularities in speech and their pairing with visual cues in the environment.(51–56)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Elman, J. L. (1990) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1402_1 · Cited by 11,212 · see citing works
Longitudinal Data Analysis for Discrete and Continuous Outcomes
Zeger, S. L., & Liang, K. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531248 · Cited by 7,730 · see citing works
Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants
Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5294.1926 · Cited by 5,659 · see citing works
Constructing a language: a usage-based theory of language acquisition
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-1385 · Cited by 4,455 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 4,172 · see citing works
Language identification in the limit
Gold, E. M. (1967) · Information and Control · doi:10.1016/s0019-9958(67)91165-5 · Cited by 3,572 · see citing works
McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E., & AU (1987) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5237.001.0001 · Cited by 3,315 · see citing works
Origins of Human Communication
Tomasello, M. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7551.001.0001 · Cited by 3,205 · see citing works
Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures
Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90002-8 · Cited by 2,966 · see citing works
Smith, T. L., & Chomsky, N. A. D. T. (1982) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184681 · Cited by 2,808 · see citing works
Parallel & distributed processing
Slusallek, P., Shirley, P. S., Mark, W. R., Stoll, G., & Wald, I. (2005) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/1198555.1198750 · Cited by 2,568 · see citing works
Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code
Kuhl, P. K. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1533 · Cited by 2,291 · see citing works
Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective
Squire, L. R. (2004) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2004.06.005 · Cited by 2,269 · see citing works
Origins of human communication
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-3671 · Cited by 2,235 · see citing works
Expectation-based syntactic comprehension
Lévy, R. (2007) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.006 · Cited by 2,220 · see citing works
Language Acquisition: The State of the Art
Wanner, E., & Gleitman, L. R. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,028 · see citing works
Regular morphology and the lexicon
Bybee, J. (1995) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690969508407111 · Cited by 1,541 · see citing works
Words and rules: the ingredients of language
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-5964 · Cited by 1,230 · see citing works
Structural priming: A critical review.
Pickering, M. J., & Ferreira, V. S. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.427 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Sources of variability in children’s language growth
Huttenlocher, J., Waterfall, H., Vasilyeva, M., Vevea, J. L., & Hedges, L. V. (2010) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.08.002 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Infants rapidly learn word-referent mappings via cross-situational statistics
Smith, L. B., & Yu, C. (2007) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.06.010 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Chang, F., Dell, G. S., & Bock, K. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.2.234 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
The persistence of structural priming: Transient activation or implicit learning?
Bock, K., & Griffin, Z. M. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.2.177 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments
Pullum, G. K., & Scholz, B. C. (2002) · The Linguistic Review · doi:10.1515/tlir.19.1-2.9 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Language input and child syntax.
Huttenlocher, J., Vasilyeva, M., Cymerman, E., & Levine, S. C. (2002) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0010-0285(02)00500-5 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Implicit learning and statistical learning: one phenomenon, two approaches
Perruchet, P., & Pacton, S. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.006 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Artificial grammar learning by 1-year-olds leads to specific and abstract knowledge
Gómez, R. L., & Gerken, L. (1999) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00003-7 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
More than words: Frequency effects for multi-word phrases
Arnon, I., & Snider, N. (2010) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2009.09.005 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
Redundancy and reduction: Speakers manage syntactic information density
Jaeger, T. F. (2010) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.02.002 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
On the inseparability of grammar and the lexicon: Evidence from acquisition.
Bates, E., & Goodman, J. (1997) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/016909697386628 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Rapid Word Learning Under Uncertainty via Cross-Situational Statistics
Chen, Y., & Smith, L. B. (2007) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01915.x · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Language acquisition : the growth of grammar
Guasti, M. T. (2002) · Cited by 669 · see citing works
The Acquisition of Complex Sentences
Diessel, H. (2004) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511486531 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Statistical Language Learning: Mechanisms and Constraints
Saffran, J. R. (2003) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01243 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Universal Grammar, statistics or both?
Yang, C. D. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.08.006 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
A Discourse Explanation of the Grammar of Relative Clauses in English Conversation
Fox, B. A., & Thompson, S. A. (1990) · Language · doi:10.2307/414888 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Can sequence learning be implicit? New evidence with the process dissociation procedure
Destrebecqz, A., & Cleeremans, A. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196171 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Statistical Learning in Children With Specific Language Impairment
Evans, J., Saffran, J. R., & Robe-Torres, K. (2009) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0189 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Implicit learning as an ability
Kaufman, S. B., DeYoung, C. G., Gray, J. R., Jiménez, L., Brown, J., & Mackintosh, N. J. (2010) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.05.011 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Bannard, C., & Matthews, D. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02075.x · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Statistical learning and language acquisition
Romberg, A. R., & Saffran, J. R. (2010) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.78 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
McGinn, C., & Chomsky, N. (1981) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2025958 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Infant artificial language learning and language acquisition
Gómez, R. L., & Gerken, L. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01467-4 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Cleland, A. A. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/s0749-596x(03)00060-3 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Learning argument structure generalizations
Goldberg, A., Casenhiser, D. M., & Sethuraman, N. (2004) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cogl.2004.011 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Syntactic priming persists while the lexical boost decays: Evidence from written and spoken dialogue
Hartsuiker, R. J., Bernolet, S., Schoonbaert, S., Speybroeck, S., & Vanderelst, D. F. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.07.003 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
In two minds: Dual processes and beyond.
Evans, J., & Frankish, K. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.001.0001 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Procedural learning is impaired in Huntington's disease: Evidence from the serial reaction time task
Knopman, D., & Nissen, M. J. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90085-m · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Horton, A. M., Monahan, M. C., & Fennell, E. B. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.2.193 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Persistent structural priming from language comprehension to language production☆☆☆
Bock, K., Dell, G. S., Chang, F., & Onishi, K. H. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.07.003 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Implicit statistical learning in language processing: Word predictability is the key☆
Conway, C. M., Kaminske, A. N., Huang, S. S., & Pisoni, D. B. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.10.009 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Early syntactic creativity: a usage-based approach.
Lieven, E., Behrens, H., Speares, J., & Tomasello, M. (2003) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000903005592 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Acquiring basic word order: evidence for data-driven learning of syntactic structure
AKHTAR, N. (1999) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s030500099900375x · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Fast mapping between a phrasal form and meaning
Casenhiser, D., & Goldberg, A. E. (2005) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00441.x · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Statistical Learning and Language: An Individual Differences Study
Misyak, J. B., & Christiansen, M. H. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00626.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The Importance of Sound for Cognitive Sequencing Abilities
Conway, C. M., Pisoni, D. B., & Kronenberger, W. G. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01651.x · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Savage, C., Lieven, E., Theakston, A., & Tomasello, M. (2003) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00312 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
A multiple process solution to the logical problem of language acquisition
MACWHINNEY, B. (2004) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000904006336 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Statistical Learning Within and Between Modalities
Conway, C. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01801.x · Cited by 295 · see citing works
The distributional structure of grammatical categories in speech to young children
Mintz, T. H., Newport, E. L., & Bever, T. G. (2002) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2604_1 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
The differential role of phonological and distributional cues in grammatical categorisation
Padraic Monaghan, B., Nick Chater, A., & Christiansen, M. H. (2004) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.09.001 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Statistical Learning of Syntax: The Role of Transitional Probability
Thompson, S. P., & Newport, E. (2007) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475440709336999 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Procedural Learning in Adolescents With and Without Specific Language Impairment
Tomblin, J., Mainela-Arnold, E., & Zhang, X.-Y. (2007) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475440701377477 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
The functions of structural priming
Ferreira, V. S., & Bock, K. (2006) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960600824609 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Thomas, K. M., Hunt, R. H., Vizueta, N., Sommer, T., Durston, S., Yang, Y., & Worden, M. S. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042304688 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Syntactic priming in young children
Huttenlocher, J., Vasilyeva, M. J., & Shimpi, P. M. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.09.003 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Input and first language acquisition: Evaluating the role of frequency
Lieven, E. (2010) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2010.06.005 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
On-Line Individual Differences in Statistical Learning Predict Language Processing
Misyak, J., Christiansen, M. H., & Tomblin, J. (2010) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00031 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Monaghan, P., Christiansen, M. H., & Chater, N. (2007) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.12.001 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Subject–auxiliary inversion errors and wh-question acquisition: ‘what children do know?’
ROWLAND, C. F., & PINE, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000999004055 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Kidd, E., Brandt, S., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2007) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960601155284 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of frequency in the acquisition of English word order
Matthews, D., Lieven, E., Theakston, A., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2004.08.001 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Implicit sequence learning in deaf children with cochlear implants
Conway, C. M., Pisoni, D. B., Anaya, E. M., Karpicke, J., & Henning, S. C. (2010) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00960.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Syntactic priming during language comprehension in three- and four-year-old children
Thothathiri, M., & Snedeker, J. (2008) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.012 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Bencini, G. M. L., & Valian, V. V. (2008) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.007 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Modeling children's early grammatical knowledge
Bannard, C., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0905638106 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Syntactic priming in written production: Evidence for rapid decay
Branigan, H. P., Pickering, M. J., & Cleland, A. A. (1999) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212972 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Arciuli, J., & Simpson, I. C. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00937.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Child Language: The Parametric Approach
Snyder, W. B. (2007) · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Lidz, J., Waxman, S., & Freedman, J. (2003) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00116-1 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Similar network activated by young and old adults during the acquisition of a motor sequence
Daselaar, S. M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Veltman, D. J., Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Jonker, C. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(03)00030-7 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Is implicit sequence learning impaired in Parkinson's disease? A meta-analysis.
Siegert, R. J., Taylor, K. D., Weatherall, M., & Abernethy, D. A. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.4.490 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Explaining errors in children’s questions
Rowland, C. F. (2007) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.05.011 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Dąbrowska, E. (2008) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.11.005 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: THE GROWTH OF GRAMMAR
Deen, K. U. (2004) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263104303050 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Statistical Learning of Syntax: The Role of Transitional Probability
Thompson, S. P., & Newport, E. L. (2007) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1207/s15473341lld0301_1 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Semantic generality, input frequency and the acquisition of syntax
THEAKSTON, A. L., LIEVEN, E. V. M., PINE, J. M., & ROWLAND, C. F. (2004) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000903005956 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Conway, C. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1416.009 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Serial Reaction Time Learning in Preschool- and School-Age Children
Thomas, K. M., & Nelson, C. A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2000.2613 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The Infant's Auditory World: Hearing, Speech, and the Beginnings of Language
Saffran, J. R., Werker, J. F., & Werner, L. A. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0202 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Savage, C., Lieven, E., Theakston, A. L., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1207/s15473341lld0201_2 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Theoretical and computational analysis of skill learning, repetition priming, and procedural memory.
Gupta, P., & Cohen, N. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.2.401 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Procedural and declarative memory in children with and without specific language impairment
Lum, J. A. G., Gelgic, C., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2009) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.3109/13682820902752285 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Effects of language intervention on syntactic skill levels in preschoolers.
Vasilyeva, M., Huttenlocher, J., & Waterfall, H. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.164 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Form is easy, meaning is hard: resolving a paradox in early child language
Naigles, L. (2002) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00177-4 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Memory for syntax despite amnesia
Ferreira, V. S., Bock, K., Wilson, M. P., & Cohen, N. J. (2008) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02180.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Brandt, S., Kidd, E., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2009) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cogl.2009.024 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of prediction in construction-learning
Goldberg, A. E., Casenhiser, D. M., & Sethuraman, N. (2005) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000904006798 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Matthews, D., & Bannard, C. (2010) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01091.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Functional MRI study of a serial reaction time task in Huntington's disease
Kim, J.-S., Reading, S. A. J., Brashers-Krug, T. M., Calhoun, V. D., Ross, C. A., & Pearlson, G. D. (2004) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.03.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Examining the role of lexical frequency in the acquisition and processing of sentential complements
Kidd, E., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2006.01.006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat preschool children do and do not do with ungrammatical word orders
Abbot-Smith, K., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2001) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(01)00054-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Is long-term structural priming affected by patterns of experience with individual verbs?☆
Kaschak, M. P., & Borreggine, K. L. (2007) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006.12.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
First language transfer and long-term structural priming in comprehension
Nitschke, S., Kidd, E., & Serratrice, L. (2010) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960902872793 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationGoing, going, gone: the acquisition of the verb ‘go’
Theakston, A., Lieven, E., Pine, J. M., & Rowland, C. F. (2002) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s030500090200538x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Individual differences in syntactic priming in language acquisition.
Kidd, E. (2012) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716411000415 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationKidd, E., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2009) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2009.05.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationApplying an exemplar model to the serial reaction-time task: Anticipating from experience
Jamieson, R. K., & Mewhort, D. J. K. (2009) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210802557637 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Kidd, E., & Kirjavainen, M. (2011) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.493735 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal study of declarative and procedural memory in primary school-aged children
Lum, J. A. G., Kidd, E., Davis, S. K., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2009) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530903150547 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomatic evaluation of syntactic learners in typologically-different languages
Chang, F., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2007) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2007.10.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A Statistical Associative Account of Vocabulary Growth in Early Word Learning
Chen, Y. (2008) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475440701739353 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Misyak, J. B., & Christiansen, M. H. (2007) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Learning antecedents for anaphoric one
Akhtar, N., Callanan, M. A., Pullum, G. K., & Scholz, B. C. (2004) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.12.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Social factors in the acquisition of a new word order
Chang, F., Kobayashi, T., & Amano, S. (2009) · First Language · doi:10.1177/0142723709105316 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., Whetton, C., & Burley, J. (1997). The British Picture Vocabulary Scale (2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: NFER- Nelson.
- Jones-Gotman, M. (1992). Presurgical neuropsychological evaluation for localization and lateralization of seizure focus. In H. Luders (Ed.), Epilepsy surgery (pp. 469 -485). New York, NY: Raven Press.
- Rumelhart, D., & McClelland, J. (Eds.). (1986). Parallel distributed pro- cessing (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An integrated theory of language production and comprehension
Pickering, M. J., & Garrod, S. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12001495 · Cited by 1,569 · see citing works
Domain generality versus modality specificity: the paradox of statistical learning
Frost, R., Armstrong, B. C., Siegelman, N., & Christiansen, M. H. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.010 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Statistical learning as an individual ability: Theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence
Siegelman, N., & Frost, R. (2015) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.02.001 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
The Declarative/Procedural Model
Ullman, M. T. (2016) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407794-2.00076-6 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Erickson, L., & Thiessen, E. D. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.05.002 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Feldman, H. (2019) · Pediatrics in review · doi:10.1542/pir.2017-0325 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Is prediction necessary to understand language? Probably not
Huettig, F., & Mani, N. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1072223 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
To belief or not belief: Children’s theory of mind
Ruffman, T. (2014) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.04.001 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The development of abstract syntax: Evidence from structural priming and the lexical boost
Rowland, C. F., Chang, F., Ambridge, B., Pine, J. M., & Lieven, E. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.008 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Towards a theory of individual differences in statistical learning
Siegelman, N., Bogaerts, L., Christiansen, M. H., & Frost, R. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0059 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Statistical Learning Predict Children's Comprehension of Syntax
Kidd, E., & Arciuli, J. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12461 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationLanguage adaptation and learning: Getting explicit about implicit learning
Chang, F., Janciauskas, M., & Fitz, H. (2012) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1002/lnc3.337 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Experience, aptitude and individual differences in native language ultimate attainment
Dąbrowska, E. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.05.018 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Statistical Learning in Specific Language Impairment and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Obeid, R., Brooks, P. J., Powers, K. L., Gillespie‐Lynch, K., & Lum, J. A. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01245 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The multi-component nature of statistical learning
Arciuli, J. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0058 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Raviv, L., & Arnon, I. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12593 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Child first language and adult second language are both tied to general-purpose learning systems
Hamrick, P., Lum, J. A. G., & Ullman, M. T. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1713975115 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Second language structural priming: A critical review and directions for future research
Jackson, C. N. (2017) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658317746207 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Statistical learning is related to early literacy-related skills
Spencer, M., Kaschak, M. P., Jones, J. L., & Lonigan, C. J. (2014) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-014-9533-0 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Arnon, I. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01205-5 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hearing Matters More Than Seeing: A Cross-Modality Study of Statistical Learning and Reading Ability
Qi, Z., Araujo, Y. S., Georgan, W. C., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Arciuli, J. (2018) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2018.1485680 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Hamrick, P. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.10.003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Reading as Statistical Learning
Arciuli, J. (2018) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2018_lshss-stlt1-17-0135 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Second Language Experience Facilitates Statistical Learning of Novel Linguistic Materials
Potter, C. E., Wang, T., & Saffran, J. R. (2016) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12473 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Branigan, H. P., & Messenger, K. (2016) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2016.09.004 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The illusion of language acquisition
O'Grady, W. D. (2013) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.3.3.01ogr · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Acquiring a first language in adolescence: the case of basic word order in American Sign Language
Cheng, Q., & Mayberry, R. I. (2018) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000918000417 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Shufaniya, A., & Arnon, I. (2018) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12692 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Young Children's Interpretation of Multidigit Number Names: From Emerging Competence to Mastery
Mix, K. S., Prather, R., Smith, L. B., & Stockton, J. D. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12197 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Investigating the Role of Verbal Working Memory in Young Children's Sentence Comprehension
Boyle, W., Lindell, A. K., & Kidd, E. (2013) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationArciuli, J., & Torkildsen, J. V. K. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00324 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Précis of Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking
Heyes, C. M. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18002145 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Auditory access, language access, and implicit sequence learning in deaf children
Hall, M. L., Eigsti, I., Bortfeld, H., & Lillo‐Martin, D. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12575 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Statistical learning as a window into developmental disabilities
Saffran, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9252-y · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Children’s and Adults’ On-Line Processing of Syntactically Ambiguous Sentences during Reading
Joseph, H. S. S. L., & Liversedge, S. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054141 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Farmer, T. A., Fine, A. B., Misyak, J. B., & Christiansen, M. H. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1131310 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Visual artificial grammar learning in dyslexia: A meta-analysis
van Witteloostuijn, M., Boersma, P., Wijnen, F. N. K., & Rispens, J. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Domain-general sequence learning deficit in specific language impairment.
Lukács, Á., & Kemény, F. (2014) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000052 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The impact of conditioning variables on the acquisition of variation in adult and child learners
Kam, C. L. H. (2015) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0051 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lõo, K., Järvikivi, J., & Baayen, R. H. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The effect of linguistic nativeness on structural priming in comprehension
Nitschke, S., Serratrice, L., & Kidd, E. (2013) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/01690965.2013.766355 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationWest, G., Melby‐Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001172 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The role of cross-modal associations in statistical learning
Glicksohn, A., & Cohen, A. (2013) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0458-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Statistical learning abilities and their relation to language
Siegelman, N. (2020) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.12365 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Role of Verbal Working Memory in Children's Sentence Comprehension
Kidd, E. (2013) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0b013e31829d623e · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective social learning in infancy: looking for mechanisms
Crivello, C., Phillips, S., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12592 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Non-adjacent dependency learning in infancy, and its link to language development
Frost, R. L. A., Jessop, A., Durrant, S., Peter, M., Bidgood, A., Pine, J. M., Rowland, C. F., & Padraic Monaghan, B. (2020) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2020.101291 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Deocampo, J., Smith, G., Kronenberger, W., Pisoni, D., & Conway, C. M. (2018) · Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2018_lshss-stlt1-17-0138 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Singh, S., Walk, A. M., & Conway, C. M. (2018) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-018-0161-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Torkildsen, J. V. K., Arciuli, J., & Wie, O. B. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.11.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Garraffa, M., Coco, M. I., & Branigan, H. P. (2018) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/2396941518779939 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Visual statistical learning is related to natural language ability in adults: An ERP study
Daltrozzo, J., Emerson, S. N., Deocampo, J. A., Singh, S., Freggens, M., Branum‐Martin, L., & Conway, C. M. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2016.12.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Concurrent Statistical Learning of Adjacent and Nonadjacent Dependencies
Vuong, L. C., Meyer, A. S., & Christiansen, M. H. (2015) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12137 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Statistical learning abilities of children with dyslexia across three experimental paradigms
van Witteloostuijn, M., Boersma, P., Wijnen, F. N. K., & Rispens, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220041 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Heyselaar, E., Segaert, K., Walvoort, S. J. W., Kessels, R. P. C., & Peter Hagoort, A. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.033 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Early Language Delay and Specific Language Impairment
Moyle, J., Stokes, S. F., & Klee, T. M. (2011) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.1110 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Distinctions in the Acquisition of Vocabulary and Grammar: An Individual Differences Approach
Walker, N., Padraic Monaghan, B., Schoetensack, C., & Rebuschat, P. (2020) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12395 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316718537 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cross-situational word learning is both implicit and strategic
Kachergis, G., Yu, C., & Shiffrin, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00588 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Statistical Learning: Conceptual and Measurement Issues
Erickson, L. C., Kaschak, M. P., Thiessen, E. D., & Berry, C. A. S. (2016) · Collabra · doi:10.1525/collabra.41 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Montgomery, J. W., Gillam, R. B., & Evans, J. L. (2021) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2021_lshss-20-00128 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Understanding aspirations in tourism students
Ramakrishnan, S., & Macaveiu, C. (2019) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.02.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Detection and Primed Production of Novel Constructions
McDonough, K., & Fulga, A. (2015) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12103 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Children's syntactic-priming magnitude: lexical factors and participant characteristics
Foltz, A., Jonas, K., Kahsnitz, D., & Stenneken, P. (2014) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000914000488 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Do Kindergarteners Develop Awareness of the Statistical Regularities They Acquire?
Spit, S., Andringa, S., Rispens, J., & Aboh, E. (2021) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12445 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fusaroli, R., Weed, E., Rocca, R., FEIN, D. A., & Naigles, L. (2023) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13369 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Improved statistical learning abilities in adult bilinguals.
ONNIS, L., CHUN, W. E., & LOU-MAGNUSON, M. (2018) · Bilingualism: Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728917000529 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Arnon, I. (2019) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12428 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Persistence of Priming: Exploring Long‐lasting Syntactic Priming Effects in Children and Adults
Messenger, K. (2021) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Distributional Effects and Individual Differences in L2 Morphology Learning
Brooks, P. J., Kwoka, N., & Kempe, V. (2016) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12204 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Poor sensitivity to sound statistics impairs the acquisition of speech categories in dyslexia
Banai, K., & Ahissar, M. (2017) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2017.1408851 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Statistical Learning and Social Competency: The Mediating Role of Language
Parks, K. M. A., Griffith, L. A., Armstrong, N. B., & Stevenson, R. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61047-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Structural priming in Spanish as evidence of implicit learning
Gámez, P. B., & Shimpi, P. M. (2015) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000915000161 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Heyselaar, E., Wheeldon, L. R., & Segaert, K. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000955 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dittmar, M., Abbot‐Smith, K., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2013) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12066 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Procedural and declarative memory brain systems in developmental language disorder (DLD)
Lee, J. C., Nopoulos, P., & Tomblin, J. B. (2020) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104789 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Assessing the Sensitivity of EEG-Based Frequency-Tagging as a Metric for Statistical Learning
Pinto, D., Prior, A., & Golumbic, E. Z. (2021) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00061 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tracking statistical learning online: Word segmentation in a target detection task.
Lukics, K. S., & Lukács, Á. (2021) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103271 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Heimbauer, L. A., Conway, C. M., Christiansen, M. H., Beran, M. J., & Owren, M. J. (2018) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-018-1164-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lammertink, I. L., Boersma, P., Wijnen, F. N. K., & Rispens, J. (2020) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475441.2020.1820340 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kuppuraj, S., Rao, P. K. S., & Bishop, D. (2016) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/2396941516674416 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Concurrent Movement Impairs Incidental But Not Intentional Statistical Learning
Stevens, D. J., Arciuli, J., & Anderson, D. I. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12180 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Learning of Grammar-Like Visual Sequences by Adults With and Without Language-Learning Disabilities
Aguilar, J. M., & Plante, E. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0124 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yin, L., & McBride, C. A. (2017) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2017.1360502 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Learning the Language for School Literacy
Uccelli, P. (2019) · Learning through Language · doi:10.1017/9781316718537.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
By 4.5 Months, Linguistic Experience Already Affects Infants’ Talker Processing Abilities
Fecher, N., & Johnson, E. K. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13280 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Singh, S., & Conway, C. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.734179 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kidd, E., Arciuli, J., Christiansen, M. H., & Smithson, M. J. (2023) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101335 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationInput, Interaction, and Learning in Early Language Development
Lieven, E. (2019) · Learning through Language · doi:10.1017/9781316718537.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Prediction in processing is a by-product of language learning
Chang, F., Kidd, E., & Rowland, C. F. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12002518 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLexical Characteristics of Expressive Vocabulary in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kover, S. T., & Weismer, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Grøver, V., Uccelli, P., Rowe, M., & Lieven, E. (2019) · Learning through Language · doi:10.1017/9781316718537.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Explicit but Not Implicit Memory Predicts Ultimate Attainment in the Native Language
Llompart, M., & Dąbrowska, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569586 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tóth-Fáber, E., Tárnok, Z., Janacsek, K., Kóbor, A., Nagy, P., Farkas, B. C., Oláh, S., Merkl, D., Hegedűs, O., Németh, D., et al. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1894110 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
SARILAR, A., Matthews, D. E., & Küntay, A. C. (2013) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716413000192 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lammertink, I. L., Boersma, P., Rispens, J., & Wijnen, F. N. K. (2020) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10018-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kornilov, S., Zhukova, M., Ovchinnikova, I. V., Golovanova, I., Naumova, O., Logvinenko, T., Davydova, A. O., Petrov, M. V., Chumakova, M., & Grigorenko, E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40007-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Individual differences in L2 frequency effects in different script bilinguals
Mor, B., & Prior, A. (2019) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006919876356 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Influences of Cognitive Control on Numerical Cognition—Adaptation by Binding for Implicit Learning
Moeller, K., Klein, E., & Nuerk, H. (2013) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kidd, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kidd, Evan
- ORCID
- Kidd, Evan
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 171-184
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- OpenAlex
- W2023295006
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 20.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nuffield Foundation (SGS/33866)
- Charles La Trobe Research Fellowship
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- implicit statistical learning, syntax acquisition, syntax, syntactic priming, individual differences, children, verbal ability, nonverbal ability, language acquisition
- MeSH terms
- Association, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Individuality, Language, Learning, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Probability, Psycholinguistics, Reaction Time, Verbal Learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
