Structural priming: A critical review.

“Consider also that one of the most widely used experimental paradigms in work on production, syntactic priming (Bock, 1986; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008), trades on recent exposure changing speakers’ behavior.”

“A vast and expanding literature in monolingual adult language processing has shown that a significant predictor of the occurrence of a given construction is its prior occurrence (see Costa, Pickering, & Sorace, 2008; Ferreira & Bock, 2006; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for up-to-date reviews).”

“Syntactic priming has received an enormous amount of attention in the psycholinguistic literature (for a recent overview, see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“One challenge with using the longevity of priming effects as a way of distinguishing competing accounts is that it is unclear what ‘‘long-lasting’’ means [97,98].”

“General Versus Selective Alignment Previous studies have indicated that linguistic alignment is motivated by structural priming, that is, the automated repetition of linguistic forms across interlocutors (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“These encoding mechanisms can be facilitated by priming effects from the students’ own previous performances as well by the lexical items and syntactic constructions in their partners’ speech (McDonough & Trofi movich, 2009 ; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008 ).”

“Through an automatic structural priming mechanism (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008), interlocutors reciprocally align multiple properties of their linguistic behaviors, from prosody to syntax, whereby they come to share linguistic structure and ultimately conceptual representations (Branigan, Pickering,…”

“This behavior has been observed when speakers hear, speak, read, or write sentences (Bock, 1986; McDonough & Trofimovich, 2008; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Pickering & Garrod, 2006).”

“For the 2 utterances ‘‘The boy kissed the girl’’ and ‘‘The boy was kissed by the girl,’’ the words ‘boy,’ ‘kissed,’ and ‘girl’ hit the ear of the listener in the same order, but the syntactic structure and the message of the utterance are different.”

“This behavior has been observed when people hear, speak, read or write sentences (Bock, 1986; McDonough & Trofimovich, 2008; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Pickering & Garrod, 2006).”

“Further evidence for linguistic adaptation comes from a phenomenon known as syntactic or structural priming, where speakers tend to reuse previously heard sentence structures in their own utterance generation (Bock 1986; Pickering and Ferreira 2008).”

“This tendency to repeat syntactic structures is called syntactic priming (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review).”

“Two adaptation effects occur: (a) fast, short-term and short-lived priming, and (b) slow, long-term adaptation that persists and is likely to be a result of implicit learning (see Ferreira and Bock (2006); Pickering and Ferreira (2008) for reviews).”

“Interestingly, they observed that the syntactic structures of the productions were influenced not only by the syntactic form of the primes (e.g., Pickering & Ferreira, 2008), but also by their plausibility.”

“Syntactic priming is the tendency to repeat aspects of syntactic structure across otherwise unrelated sentences, such that prior processing of a particular syntactic structure facilitates subsequent processing of the same structure (see Branigan (2007) and Pickering and Ferreira (2008) for reviews).”

“Structural priming and lexico-syntactic representations We now consider how these two accounts can be contrasted using a structural priming paradigm (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review).”

“…& Kolk, 1998a; 1998b; Hartsuiker & Westenberg, 2000; Hartsuiker, Pickering & Veltkamp, 2004; Huttenlocher, Vasiyeva & Shimpi, 2004; Melinger & Dobel, 2005; Pickering & Branigan, 1998; Potter & Lombardi, 1998; Scheepers, 2003; Segaert et al. 2013; see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008 for a review).”

“This effect is known as syntactic persistence, or structural or syntactic priming (for recent reviews, see Ferreira & Bock, 2006; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…syntactic priming effects have been replicated in different tasks and language combinations (e.g., Bernolet, Hartsuiker, & Pickering, 2007; Meijer & Fox Tree, 2003; Salamoura & Williams, 2007; Schoonbaert et al., 2007; Weber & Indefrey, 2009; see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review).”

“In view of claims that conversation is ‘‘extremely repetitive’’ and that priming is ‘‘ubiquitous’’ [14] it is worth noting that even the absolute levels of lexical repetition observed across turns in the data presented here are low (e.”

“One of the strongest demonstrations of this sensitivity is the unintentional repetition of structure across sentences (see Pickering and Ferreira (2008), for a review), which has been shown with a variety of structures (Bock, 1986; Cleland & Pickering, 2003; Gries, 2005; Konopka & Bock, 2009;…”

“First, the presence (or absence) of priming between individual prime and target sentences can be revealing with respect to the nature of the representations that underlie language production (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for an extensive review).”

“Structural-priming effects have been observed in many studies, and they occur with a wide range of grammatical structures (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review).”

“It occurs in diverse languages (e.g., English, Mandarin, Basque) and between languages, and in children, non-native speakers, amnesiacs and aphasics, and has been found using many experimental methods as well as in natural conversation (see Pickering and Ferreira 2008).”

“, 2008), the grammatical and syntactic structure of their utterances (Levelt, 1982; Branigan et al., 2010; Cleland and Pickering, 2003; Haywood et al., 2005; Pickering and Ferreira, 2008), their pronunciation (Giles et al.”

“…discussions about the role of words and structures in formulation bear a strong similarity to questions about lexical–structural integration – i.e., the long-standing debate about lexical and structural guidance in grammatical encoding (Bock, 1987a; see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review).”

“A possibility therefore is that one component of such priming is located at the semantic level (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“To date, however, evidence for shared processing derives primarily from structural priming effects (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008) and hemodynamic measures of shared activity (Awad et al., 2007; Menenti et al., 2011) and is thus unable to determine temporal relationships between the two.”

“For plausible sentences, passive primes led to more passive sentences produced, exactly the kind of priming observed in previous structural priming studies (cf. Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…production which reveal that speakers who are primed show a significant tendency to re-use lexical and/or structural forms of previous structures provided to them (Bock 1986; Ferreira and Bock 2006; Gass and Mackey 2000; Messenger et al. 2012; Pickering and Ferreira 2008; Rowland et al. 2012).”

“…it appears to operate on many types of sentences and structures, in controlled experimental tasks as well as conversational speech corpora (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review), and has played an important role in the study of the cognitive mechanisms and representations that…”

“This repetition of structures has been widely observed in single-language (i.e., noncode-switched) sentences in both experimentally induced and spontaneous language production (see Pickering & Branigan, 1999; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for reviews).”

“Syntactic priming is the tendency to repeat aspects of syntactic structure across otherwise unrelated sentences (see Branigan, 2007; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for reviews).”

“As with traditional paradigms, this incoming linguistic stimulus is thought to activate similar linguistic forms in the mind of the listener, thus making the linguistic forms more accessible for the listener to produce (Gries, 2005; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“This phenomenon, known as priming, may be observed in phonology, conceptual representations, lexical choice, and syntax (Pickering and Ferreira 2008).”

“For a more comprehensive review see Pickering and Ferreira ( 2008 ).”

“As regards the cognitive mechanisms underlying syntactic priming and the lexical boost, two proposals have gained prominence in the psycholinguistic literature (Ferreira & Bock, 2006; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…them to accurately identify speech sounds that might otherwise have been ambiguous (see Samuel & Kraljic, 2009 for a review) and syntactic adaptions facilitate syntactic parsing and meaning interpretation, hence improving comprehension fluency (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review).”

“Moreover, sensitivity to and priming through repetition is a general and highly important mechanism of human perception and learning (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…shows that priming occurs across a variety of structures and languages, in both written and oral modalities, in comprehension and production, and among child and adult first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) speakers (for reviews, see Mahowald et al., 2016; Pickering and Ferreira, 2008).”

“This decay suggests that, following suggestions made by Pickering and Ferreira (2008) in their review of the adult data, both transient activation and implicit learning contribute to syntactic priming.”

“Our experiments did not include a timing manipulation, but, while response tendency effects are found to be relatively long-lived, Wheeldon and Smith [18] have observed that response latency effects are short-lived [32,38,39].”

“In a comprehensive review of the field, Pickering and Ferreira (2008) commented on the striking sparsity of studies that investigated structural priming in comprehension in ways parallel to production.”

“The log probability is computed as the sum of token log probabilities of the LM: For example, the Priming Effect of the example in the introduction would be computed as follows: (where P PO , P DO , T PO , T DO denote sentences 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b).”

“During interpersonal interactions, people readily adapt to each other by continuous reciprocal priming and mimicking (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…both within individual languages (within-language priming) and cross-linguistically, where producing/hearing a structure in one language increases the probability of producing a related structure in the other language (see Pickering and Ferreira, 2008; Gries and Kootstra, 2017, for reviews).”

“We built on the observation that speakers tend to repeat linguistic structures that they have recently used or observed others using (structural priming; Bock, 1986; Levelt & Kelter, 1982; see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for an overview).”

“For example, a speaker who experiences a prepositional dative syntactic structure such as “The governess made a pot of tea for the princess” is likely to use another prepositional dative in a subsequent picture description, like “The boy is handing a paintbrush to the girl”; if instead the speaker had experienced a do…”

“Although the term ‘‘priming’’ is also sometimes used, this can also refer to facilitation of reaction times (Pickering and Ferreira, 2008).”

“This syntactic priming effect occurs in a wide variety of languages and syntactic structures (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review).”

“…(e.g., Bock, 1986; Bock & Loebell, 1990; Bock, Loebell, & Morey, 1992; Branigan, Pickering, & Cleland, 2000; Cleland & Pickering, 2003; Corley & Scheepers, 2002; Pickering & Branigan, 1998; for reviews and meta-analyses, see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Mahowald, James, Futrell, & Gibson, 2016).”

“However, priming studies from other on-line comprehension studies (Thothathiri & Snedeker, 2008a, b; Traxler, 2008b) and production studies (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008) suggest that priming can be reliably observed when prime and target sentences do not have content-word overlap.”

“We use ‘structural priming’ because it does not imply any lexical facilitation, whereas ‘syntactic priming’ does (Pickering and Ferreira, 2008).”

“…of prepositional phrases after reading a prime expression with a high-attached interpretation, or even after seeing mathematical expressions with analogous parenthetical groupings, suggesting domain generality of structural priming (Branigan, Pickering, & McLean, 2005; Scheepers et al., 2011).”

“They argued that given that earlier work indicated that syntactic analysis could be primed by exposure to a previous structure (see 65], [66), similar effects should prevail for structure built at LF.”

“This is important to consider, however, as research has shown that co-activation of linguistic information in the bilingual brain is not limited to the lexico-semantic level (Pickering and Ferreira, 2008; Hatzidaki et al., 2011).”