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Warmth and competence: stereotype content issues for clinicians and researchers
Open accessAbstract
Stereotypes are often accidents of history, based on passing configurations of groups' societal interdependence and status. This article overviews our framework for understanding all this: the Stereotype Content Model, focused on two fundamental dimension of intergroup and interpersonal cognition, perceived warmth (from interdependence) and perceived competence (from relative status); then it discusses immigrant images as a case study; next, the article focuses on the toxic and potentially curative effects of each dimension.
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“The stereotype content model (Fiske, 2012) used two similar axes to describe how we evaluate individuals in our social environment: an axis of warmth, our perception of the intentions of others, and an axis of competence, our perception of others’ ability to act on their intentions.”
From A map for social navigation in the human brain (2015) · cites this paper as Fiske, 2012
In the citing paper
“Theories in social psychology and experimental evidence across species identify two main factors that define social relationships: power (competence, dominance, hierarchy, etc.) and affiliation (warmth, intimacy, trustworthiness, love, etc.).”
From A map for social navigation in the human brain (2015) · cites this paper as Fiske, 2012
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“Social theories (Fiske, 2012; Todorov et al., 2008; Wiggins et al., 1989), however, suggest that the interaction between power and affiliation, rather than each factor separately, is the major determinant of social perception.”
From A map for social navigation in the human brain (2015) · cites this paper as Fiske, 2012
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Cites
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 · Cited by 7,364
Self-citationUniversal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005 · Cited by 4,567
Self-citationHow stigma interferes with mental health care.
Corrigan, P. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.7.614 · Cited by 3,648
The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes.
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631 · Cited by 2,230
Self-citationMeasuring Mental Illness Stigma
Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098 · Cited by 1,474
A multidimensional approach to the structure of personality impressions.
Rosenberg, S., Nelson, C. E., & Vivekananthan, P. S. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026086 · Cited by 1,003
Understanding evaluation of faces on social dimensions
Todorov, A., Said, C. P., Engell, A. D., & Oosterhof, N. N. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.001 · Cited by 706
The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study.
Abele, A. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.768 · Cited by 565
Lin, M. H., Kwan, V. S. Y., Cheung, A., & Fiske, S. T. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271320 · Cited by 456
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Research works printed but not linked: 18
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- Cuddy AJC Fiske ST Glick P Zanna MP Competence and warmth as universal trait dimensions of interpersonal and intergroup perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map Advances in experimental social psychology 2008 Vol. 40 New York Academic 61 149
- Cuddy AJC Fiske ST Kwan VSY Glick P Demoulin S Leyens J-Ph Ziegler R Is the stereotype content model culture-bound? A cross-cultural comparison reveals systematic similarities and differences British Journal of Social Psychology 2009 48 1 33 19178758 PMC3912751
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- Fiske ST Fiske ST Gilbert DT Lindzey G Interpersonal stratification: Status, power, and subordination Handbook of social psychology 2010b 5th ed. New York Wiley 941 982
- Fiske ST Bergsieker H Russell AM Williams L Images of Black Americans: Then, “them” and now, “Obama!” DuBois Review: Social Science Research on Race 2009 6 83 101 PMC3825175 24235974
- Glick P Fiske ST The Ambivalence toward Men Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent beliefs about men Psychology of Women Quarterly 1999 23 519 536
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- Kervyn N Fiske ST The Stereotype Content Model and Osgood’s Semantic Differential: Reconciling warmth and competence with evaluation, potency, and activity (under review) PMC4479118 26120217
- Kervyn N Fiske ST Yzerbyt Y Mapping social perception: Testing the stereotype content model with a multidimensional approach (under review)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A map for social navigation in the human brain
Tavares, R. M., Mendelsohn, A., Grossman, Y., Williams, C. H., Shapiro, M., Trope, Y., & Schiller, D. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.011 · Cited by 505
Intergroup biases: a focus on stereotype content
Fiske, S. T. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.010 · Cited by 215
Self-citationMontagrin, A., Saiote, C., & Schiller, D. (2017) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22797 · Cited by 211
Stereotyping human-like virtual influencers in retailing: Does warmth prevail over competence?
Hedhli, K. E., Zourrig, H., Khateeb, A. A., & Alnawas, I. A. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103459 · Cited by 189
Li, Y., Wu, B., Huang, Y., & Luan, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1382693 · Cited by 218
Metadata
- Authors
- Fiske, S. T.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fiske, Susan T.
- ORCID
- Fiske, Susan T.
- Venue
- Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-20
- ISSN
- 0708-5591 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-7304
- PMC
- PMC3801417
- OpenAlex
- W2048569028
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 23.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD047879)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- stereotype content model, perceived warmth, perceived competence, intergroup cognition, interpersonal cognition, interdependence, relative status, stereotypes, social status, intergroup relations
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