Cognitive function in unaffected twins discordant for affective disorder
Abstract
Background. Patients may present with cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder, but it is unclear whether the impairment is prevalent before onset of the illness. The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that genetic liability to affective disorder is associated with cognitive impairment. Method. In a cross-sectional high-risk case–control study, healthy monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins with (High-Risk twins) and without (the control group/Low-Risk twins) a co-twin history of affective disorder were identified through nationwide registers. Cognitive performance of 203 High-Risk and Low-Risk twins was compared. Results. Healthy twins discordant for unipolar disorder showed lower performance on almost all measures of cognitive function: selective and sustained attention, executive function, language processing and working and declarative memory, and also after adjustment for demographic variables, subclinical symptoms and minor psychopathology. Healthy twins discordant for bipolar disorder showed lower performance on tests measuring episodic and working memory, also after adjustment for the above-mentioned covariables. The discrete cognitive impairment found seemed to be related to genetic liability, as the MZ High-Risk twins showed significant impairment on selective and sustained attention, executive function, language processing and working and declarative memory, whereas the DZ High-Risk twins presented with significantly lower scores only on language processing and episodic memory. Conclusions. The hypothesis that discrete cognitive impairment is present before the onset of the affective disorder and is genetically transmitted was supported. Thus, cognitive function may be a candidate endophenotype for affective disorders.
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There is evidence of cognitive control impairments in healthy, unaffected twins discordant for MDD.
“In addition, there is evidence of cognitive control impairments in healthy, unaffected twins discordant for MDD (Christensen et al, 2006).”
From Neural Correlates of Three Promising Endophenotypes of Depression: Evidence from the EMBARC Study (2016) · cites this paper as Christensen et al, 2006
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“, 2007) or unaffected BD relatives (Christensen et al., 2006) were reported.”
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“A Danish case-control study on twins discordant for unipolar depression demonstrated that healthy twins had lower scores across several cognitive domains, further supporting the hypothesis that discrete cognitive impairment before the onset of affective disorders may be a candidate endophenotype for MDD [39].”
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“…for SZ patients and their first-degree relatives for verbal declarative memory ranging from 0.21 to 0.49 have been reported (Cannon et al., 2000; Christensen et al., 2006; Delawalla et al., 2006; Egan et al., 2001a; Krabbendam et al., 2001; O’Driscoll et al., 2001; Schubert and McNeil, 2005;…”
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“In addition, there is evidence of cognitive control impairments in healthy, unaffected twins discordant for MDD (Christensen et al, 2006).”
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Neurocognitive performance as an endophenotype for bipolar disorder
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“, (70) showed that unaffected DZ co-twins of BD probands had lower scores on only TMT part A (a measure of sustained attention) than HC twins; findings in other studies are inconsistent.”
BackgroundResultRethinking the risk for depression using the RDoC: A psychophysiological perspective
Dell’Acqua, C., Palomba, D., Patron, E., & Benvenuti, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108275 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In addition, there is some evidence of cognitive control impairments in healthy, unaffected twins at risk for MDD (Christensen et al., 2006).”
BackgroundHaastrup, E. K., Knorr, U. B., Erikstrup, C., Kessing, L. V., & Ullum, H. (2012) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.12.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“, 2007) and cognitive dysfunction (Christensen et al., 2006) have been described as more prevalent in these high-risk persons compared with healthy persons without a family history of affective disorders.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHsu, K. J., Young‐Wolff, K. C., Kendler, K. S., Halberstadt, L. J., & Prescott, C. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.037 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Given evidence of attentional impairment from the limited literature on neuropsychological performance in families at risk for MD (Belleau et al., 2013; Christensen et al., 2006), these deficits may exist prior to MD onset.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPrats, C., Arias, B., Ortet, G., Ibáñez, M. I., Moya, J., Pomarol‐Clotet, E., Fañanás, L., & Fatjó‐Vilas, M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“From an intermediate phenotypes framework, it is of mention that these cognitive deficits have also been found in healthy first degree relatives of patients with either MDD or SZ (Christensen et al. 2006; Barrantes-Vidal N, 2007).”
BackgroundGeorgiades, A., Rijsdijk, F. V., Kane, F., Rebollo‐Mesa, I., Kalidindi, S., Schulze, K., Stahl, D. R., Walshe, M., Sahakian, B. J., McDonald, C., et al. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.167239 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kravariti, E., Reichenberg, A., Morgan, K. D., Dazzan, P., Morgan, C., Zanelli, J., Lappin, J., Doody, G. A., Harrison, G. L., Jones, P. B., et al. (2009) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00673.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Executive function in parents of patients with familial versus sporadic bipolar disorder
Köşger, F., Eşsizoğlu, A., Baltacıoğlu, M., Ülkgün, N., & Yenilmez, Ç. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.05.013 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Impairments in verbal memory, learning, processing speed, set shifting, selective attention, and response inhibition have been widely reported in relatives of bipolar disorder patients [12,13,19,20,22,25,26].”
Miskowiak, K. W., Svendsen, A. M. B., Harmer, C. J., Elliott, R., Macoveanu, J., Siebner, H. R., Kessing, L. V., & Vinberg, M. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000861 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In brief, the original cohort was recruited through record linkage between the Danish Twin Registry, the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register and the Danish Civil Registration System and took part in a cross-sectional baseline study in 2003–2005 (see Christensen et al. 2006, 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationScala, S., Pousada-Casal, A., Stone, W. S., Thermenos, H. W., Manschreck, T. C., Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., & Seidman, L. J. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.027 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“, 2005), and in affective psychosis (Ferrier et al., 1999, 2004; Christensen et al., 2006; Balanzá-Martínez et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKnorr, U. B., Vinberg, M., Klose, M., Feldt‐Rasmussen, U., Hilsted, L. M., Gade, A., Haastrup, E. K., Paulson, O. B., Wetterslev, J., Gluud, C. N., et al. (2009) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-66 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationKarakurt, M. N., Mz, K., Yüce, M., Baykal, S., & Şenses, A. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wu, M., Mwangi, B., Passos, I. C., Bauer, I. E., Cao, B., Frazier, T. W., Zunta‐Soares, G. B., & Soares, J. C. (2017) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-017-0101-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“verbal, declarative, and working memory deficits were shown in unaffected siblings (Gourovitch et al. 1999; Kéri et al. 2001; Kieseppä et al. 2005; Christensen et al. 2006).”
BackgroundUchino, T., Okubo, R., Takubo, Y., Aoki, A., Wada, I., Hashimoto, N., Ikezawa, S., & Nemoto, T. (2023) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm13040683 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“These cognitive impairments might be a core feature of major depressive disorder and an independent symptom, rather than a symptom that arises secondarily from mood symptoms [29,34,35].”
BackgroundDeep, R., Sagar, R., & Mehta, M. (2012) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244011436351 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The finding is in consonance with some of the previous studies showing impairments of TMT-B in unaffected relatives (Arts, Jabben, Krabbendam, & van Os, 2008; Christensen et al., 2006; Szoke et al., 2006).”
ResultMacoveanu, J., Vinberg, M., Madsen, K. H., Kessing, L. V., Siebner, H. R., & Baaré, W. F. C. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12638 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“We previously found that healthy co-twins of patients with affective disorders (high-risk) had impaired executive function and attention and higher subclinical psychopathological ratings compared to healthy twins with no familial risk for affective disorders (low-risk) (16, 17).”
BackgroundSelf-citation5-HTTLPR, victimization and ecological executive function of adolescents
Liu, J., Cao, F., Li, P., Lou, F., & Lavebratt, C. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.059 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Executive dysfunction (ED) has been proposed to precede depression (Christensen et al., 2006). cognitive performance, especially EFs in healthy population (Homberg and Lesch, 2011).”
Course and prognosis of mood disorders
Angst, J. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0089 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Knorr, U. B., Vinberg, M., Gade, A., Winkel, P., Gluud, C. N., Wetterslev, J., Gether, U., & Kessing, L. V. (2011) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125311422591 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…on almost all measures of cognitive function: selective and sustained attention, executive function, language processing and working and declarative memory, and also after adjustment for demographic variables, subclinical affective symptoms and other minor psychopathology [Christensen et al. 2006].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationRodriguez, C. C., Ruggero, C. J., Callahan, J. L., Kilmer, J. N., Boals, A., & Banks, J. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Parent depressive symptoms and offspring executive functioning
Craun, E. A., Lachance, K., Williams, C. L., & Wong, M. M.-H. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2018.1504893 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wilson, D. R., & Price, J. (2006) · Current Psychosis & Therapeutics Reports · doi:10.1007/bf02629393 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Such endophenotypes include impairments of cognitive function [ 5 ,6], cyclothymia [7], dysmodulation of motivation and reward, and eye movement abnormalities [8].”
BackgroundNeurocognitive Functioning in Bipolar Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Data
Fountoulakis, K. N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kravariti, E., Kane, F., & Murray, R. M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9464-4_13 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bipolar disorder - from endophenotypes to treatment.
Hranov, L. G., Marinova, P., Stoyanova, M. B., Pandova, M. S., & Hranov, G. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pathways Driving Neuroprogression in Depression: The Role of Immune Activation
Oriolo, G., Grande, I., Martín‐Santos, R., Vieta, E., & Carvalho, A. F. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811073-7.00010-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A nomogram to predict the risk of cognitive impairment in patients with depressive disorder
Jian, Y., Jia, S., Shi, S., Shi, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22364 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- CHRISTENSEN, M. V., KYVIK, K. O., & KESSING, L. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-05-31
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1119-1129
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2131328754
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Lundbeckfonden
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- cognitive impairment, mood disorders, monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, genetic susceptibility, endophenotypes, unipolar disorder, bipolar disorder, attention, executive function, memory, language processing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Denmark, Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Phenotype, Psychometrics, Risk, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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