The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cognitive change predicts symptom reduction with cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: There is a growing body of evidence for the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but few studies to date have investigated the mechanisms by which TF-CBT leads to therapeutic change. Models of PTSD suggest that a core treatment mechanism is the change in dysfunctional appraisals of the trauma and its aftermath. If this is the case, then changes in appraisals should predict a change in symptoms. The present study investigated whether cognitive change precedes symptom change in Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, a version of TF-CBT. METHOD: The study analyzed weekly cognitive and symptom measures from 268 PTSD patients who received a course of Cognitive Therapy for PTSD, using bivariate latent growth modeling. RESULTS: Results showed that (a) dysfunctional trauma-related appraisals and PTSD symptoms both decreased significantly over the course of treatment, (b) changes in appraisals and symptoms were correlated, and (c) weekly change in appraisals significantly predicted subsequent reduction in symptom scores (both corrected for the general decrease over the course of therapy). Changes in PTSD symptom severity did not predict subsequent changes in appraisals. CONCLUSIONS: The study provided preliminary evidence for the temporal precedence of a reduction in negative trauma-related appraisals in symptom reduction during trauma-focused CBT for PTSD. This supports the role of change in appraisals as an active therapeutic mechanism.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A recent study of trauma-focused CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder found a unidirectional relationship of weekly decreases in dysfunctional trauma related appraisals predicting subsequent reduction in weekly PTSD symptoms (Kleim et al., 2013).”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Kleim et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, there is growing evidence that during CBT earlier changes in cognitive processes may impact subsequent decreases in social anxiety symptoms.”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Kleim et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“as well as of their decline after successful therapy 106 .”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [106]
In the citing paper
“there is abundant evidence of the predictive role of catastrophic appraisals in the development and maintenance of PTSD”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [106]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Self-citation(1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 3,056
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445 · Cited by 2,709
Mediators and Moderators of Treatment Effects in Randomized Clinical Trials
Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877 · Cited by 2,562
Mediators and Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Research
Kazdin, A. E. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432 · Cited by 2,504 · cited 2×
“The requirement that change in the mediator occurs before the dependent variable changes is a crucial, but often neglected, requirement for mediators of treatment effects (Kazdin, 2007; Kraemer, Wilson, Fairburn, & Agras, 2002).”
BackgroundA Multidimensional Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD
Bradley, R., Greene, J., Russ, E., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.214 · Cited by 1,938
The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): development and validation
Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303 · Cited by 1,727
Self-citationFreeman, A. M. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n1112 · Cited by 1,667
Research Methods in Psychology
Shaughnessy, J. J. (2016) · doi:10.24926/8668.2201 · Cited by 1,503
Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims.
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.5.748 · Cited by 1,490
Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims.
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.5.748 · Cited by 1,490
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.5.715 · Cited by 1,444
Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.4.867 · Cited by 1,294
Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.4.867 · Cited by 1,294
Albeck, J. H. (2001) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2001.55.2.295 · Cited by 973
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A. M., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Yadin, E. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.5.953 · Cited by 931
Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402 · Cited by 900
Self-citationWhat Is a “Mood Stabilizer”? An Evidence-Based Response
Bauer, M. S., & Mitchner, L. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.3 · Cited by 865
Size of Treatment Effects and Their Importance to Clinical Research and Practice
KRAEMER, H. C., & Kupfer, D. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.014 · Cited by 850
Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., Resick, P. A., Thurston, V., Orsillo, S. M., Haug, R., et al. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.820 · Cited by 813 · cited 1×
“Thus, there is compelling evidence that trauma-focused CBT leads to clinically significant change in PTSD symptoms, in secondary social and behavioral problems, as well as in overall quality of life (e.g., Schnurr et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.006 · Cited by 703 · cited 8×
“…2005, 2003), a trauma-focused CBT program, which has shown to be effective in five randomized controlled trials (Duffy, Gillespie, & Clark, 2007; Ehlers et al., 2005, 2003; Ehlers, Hackmann, et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2007) and several effectiveness studies (Brewin et al., 2010; Ehlers, Grey,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression.
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 684
Intrusive re‐experiencing in post‐traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy
Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., & Michael, T. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210444000025 · Cited by 645
Self-citationDunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00088-7 · Cited by 640
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 611
McArdle, J. J., & Hamagami, F. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10409-005 · Cited by 536
Dalgleish, T. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.228 · Cited by 498
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., & Mayou, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1024 · Cited by 485
Self-citationStewart, R. E., & Chambless, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016032 · Cited by 483
Ursano, R. J. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1805-a · Cited by 462
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Obesity
Perkonigg, A., Owashi, T., Stein, M. B., Kirschbaum, C., & Wïttchen, H. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.026 · Cited by 426
SMITH, P., YULE, W., PERRIN, S., TRANAH, T., DALGLEISH, T., & CLARK, D. M. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318067e288 · Cited by 355 · cited 1×
“…shown to be effective in five randomized controlled trials (Duffy, Gillespie, & Clark, 2007; Ehlers et al., 2005, 2003; Ehlers, Hackmann, et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2007) and several effectiveness studies (Brewin et al., 2010; Ehlers, Grey, et al., 2012; Gillespie, Duffy, Hackmann, & Clark, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive mediation of treatment change in social phobia
Hofmann, S. G. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.392 · Cited by 348
DeRubeis, R. J., Evans, M. D., Hollon, S. D., Garvey, M. J., Grove, W. M., & Tuason, V. B. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.58.6.862 · Cited by 341
Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Liness, S., Albert, I., Deale, A., Stott, R. B., & Clark, D. M. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13040552 · Cited by 304
Self-citationGrowth Curve Analysis in Contemporary Psychological Research
Mcardle, J., & Nesselroade, J. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0218 · Cited by 298
Sudden gains and critical sessions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.6.894 · Cited by 284
Gearon, J. S. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00061-6 · Cited by 260
Gillespie, K., Duffy, M., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00004-9 · Cited by 230
Self-citationCognitive Processing Therapy Veteran/Military Version: Therapist's manual: (514742018-001)
Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Chard, K. M. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e514742018-001 · Cited by 208 · cited 8×
“Examples include Prolonged Exposure (Foa, Hembree, et al., 2005; Foa & Rothbaum, 1998; Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, & Murdock, 1991), Cognitive Processing Therapy (Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin, & Feuer, 2002; Resick & Schnicke, 1992, 1993), and Cognitive Therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD; Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Ehlers, Clark, Hackm…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBeck, J. G., Coffey, S. F., Palyo, S. A., Guðmundsdóttir, B., Miller, L. M., & Colder, C. R. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.289 · Cited by 190
Duffy, M., Gillespie, K., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39021.846852.be · Cited by 171
Self-citationStrunk, D. R., Brotman, M. A., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.011 · Cited by 169
Outreach and screening following the 2005 London bombings: usage and outcomes
Brewin, C. R., Fuchkan, N., Huntley, Z., Robertson, M., Thompson, M., Scragg, P., d'Ardenne, P., & Ehlers, A. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000206 · Cited by 169
Self-citationHow do psychological treatments work? Investigating mediators of change
Murphy, R., Cooper, Z., Hollon, S. D., & Fairburn, C. G. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.001 · Cited by 144
Disseminating and Implementing Trauma-Focused CBT in Community Settings
Cohen, J., & Mannarino, A. (2008) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838008324336 · Cited by 142
Ehlers, A., Grey, N., Wild, J., Stott, R., Liness, S., Deale, A., Handley, R., Albert, I., Cullen, D., Hackmann, A., et al. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.08.006 · Cited by 134
Self-citationPreliminary evidence for cognitive mediation during cognitive-behavioral therapy of panic disorder.
Hofmann, S. G., Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Suvak, M. K., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, M. K., & Woods, S. W. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.3.374 · Cited by 127
Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of treatment.
Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Smith-Janik, S. B. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013113 · Cited by 113
Intensive Cognitive Therapy for PTSD: A Feasibility Study
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Grey, N., Liness, S., Wild, J., Manley, J., Waddington, L., & McManus, F. V. (2010) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000214 · Cited by 99
Self-citationClark, D. A. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.9.3.153 · Cited by 91 · cited 3×
“Our results are thus in direct support of the theoretical assumption that cognitive change is central to treating PTSD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Foa & Riggs, 1993; Resick & Schnicke, 1993) and psychological disorders more generally (D. A. Clark, 1995). The requirement that change in the mediator occurs before the depende…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationStice, E. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018396 · Cited by 83
Galovski, T. E., Wachen, J. S., Chard, K. M., Monson, C. M., & Resick, P. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07109-1_10 · Cited by 77
Posttraumatic Maladaptive Beliefs Scale
Vogt, D. S., Shipherd, J. C., & Resick, P. A. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191110376161 · Cited by 73
Latent difference score approach to longitudinal trauma research
King, L. A., King, D. W., McArdle, J. J., Saxe, G. N., Doron‐LaMarca, S., & Orazem, R. J. (2006) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20188 · Cited by 70
Cape Town consensus on posttraumatic stress disorder.
Stein, D. J., Cloître, M., Nemeroff, C. B., Nutt, D., Seedat, S., Shalev, A. Y., Wïttchen, H., & Zohar, J. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 70
Owens, G. P., Pike, J. L., & Chard, K. M. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80028-9 · Cited by 69
Ilardi, S. S., & Craighead, W. E. (1999) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.6.3.295 · Cited by 65
Hoffart, A., Borge, F.-M., Sexton, H., & Clark, D. M. (2009) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.12.003 · Cited by 64
Self-citationMacdonald, A., Monson, C. M., Doron‐LaMarca, S., Resick, P. A., & Palfai, T. P. (2011) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20642 · Cited by 53
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Cognitive Theory to Therapy.
Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2004) · Cited by 43
Self-citationVögele, C., Ehlers, A., Meyer, A., Frank, M., Hahlweg, K., & Margraf, J. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20651 · Cited by 33
Self-citationMoser, J. S., Cahill, S. P., & Foa, E. B. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181c81fac · Cited by 32
Cognitions in prolonged exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Hagenaars, M. A., van Minnen, A., & de Rooij, M. (2010) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 29
Management of Post-Traumatic Stress
(2010) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e626982011-001 · Cited by 29
Ilardi, S. S. (1999) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/6.3.295 · Cited by 23
McArdle, J. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.44030-4 · Cited by 12
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Foa E. B., & Riggs D. S. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder and rape. In Oldham M., Riba M. B., & Tasman A. (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry (pp. 273– 303). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- Muthén L. K., & Muthén B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model
Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734 · Cited by 1,055
Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges
Bryant, R. A. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20656 · Cited by 528
Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.001.0001 · Cited by 436
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMPLEX PTSD IN ADULTS
de Jongh, A., Resick, P. A., Zoellner, L. A., van Minnen, A., Lee, C. W., Monson, C. M., Foa, E. B., Wheeler, K., ten Broeke, E., Feeny, N. C., et al. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22469 · Cited by 372
Psychotherapies for PTSD: what do they have in common?
Schnyder, U., Ehlers, A., Elbert, T., Foa, E. B., Gersons, B. P. R., Resick, P. A., Shapiro, F., & Cloitre, M. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28186 · Cited by 319
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kleim, B., Grey, N., Wild, J., Nussbeck, F. W., Stott, R., Hackmann, A., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 383-393
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC3665307
- OpenAlex
- W2122872879
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 11.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
- Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health
- King’s College London
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Cognitive Health Clinical Research Facility
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, therapeutic mechanisms, cognitive change, symptom change, temporal precedence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Predictive Value of Tests, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
